{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T22:12:04Z","timestamp":1789423924471,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,1]],"date-time":"2005-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1128124800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Treatment of mucocutaneous and cutaneous\n            <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n            infections with photosensitizing agents and light, termed photodynamic therapy (PDT), offers an alternative to conventional treatments. Initial studies using the clinically approved photosensitizer Photofrin demonstrated the susceptibility of\n            <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n            to its photodynamic effects. In the present study, we have further refined parameters for Photofrin-mediated photodynamic action against\n            <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n            and examined whether mechanisms commonly used by microorganisms to subvert either antimicrobial oxidative defenses or antimicrobial therapy, including biofilm formation, were operative. In buffer and defined medium, germ tubes preloaded with Photofrin retained their photosensitivity for up to 2 hours, indicating the absence of degradation or export of Photofrin by the organism. The addition of serum resulted in a gradual loss of photosensitivity over 2 hours. In contrast to an adaptive response by germ tubes to oxidative stress by hydrogen peroxide, there was no adaptive response to singlet oxygen-mediated stress by photodynamic action.\n            <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n            biofilms were sensitive to Photofrin-mediated phototoxicity in a dose-dependent manner. Finally, the metabolic activity of\n            <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n            biofilms following photodynamic insult was significantly lower than that of biofilms treated with amphotericin B for the same time period. These results demonstrate that several of the mechanisms microorganisms use to subvert either antimicrobial oxidative defenses or antimicrobial therapy are apparently not operative during Photofrin-mediated photodynamic treatment of\n            <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n            . These observations provide support and rationale for the continued investigation of PDT as an adjunctive, or possibly alternative, mode of therapy against cutaneous and mucocutaneous candidiasis.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.49.10.4288-4295.2005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,27]],"date-time":"2005-09-27T16:28:08Z","timestamp":1127838488000},"page":"4288-4295","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["Sensitivity of\n            <i>Candida albicans<\/i>\n            Germ Tubes and Biofilms to Photofrin-Mediated Phototoxicity"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Yeissa","family":"Chabrier-Rosello\u0301","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas H.","family":"Foster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nelissa","family":"Pe\u0301rez-Nazario","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soumya","family":"Mitra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Constantine G.","family":"Haidaris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology"},{"name":"Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1562\/0031-8655(1999)069<0360:THPOTI>2.3.CO;2","volume":"69","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ball, D. 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