{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T11:10:23Z","timestamp":1778670623535,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,1]],"date-time":"2005-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1130803200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Leishmania amazonensis<\/jats:italic>, a causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis, is susceptible in vitro to light-mediated cytolysis in the presence of or after pretreatment with the photosensitizer aluminum phthalocyanine chloride. Cytolysis of both promastigotes and axenic amastigotes required less photosensitizer (e.g., one \u03bcg \u00b7 ml<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) and a lower light dose (e.g., 1.5 J \u00b7 cm<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>) than did the mammalian cells examined for comparison. Exposure of<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>cells to the photosensitizer alone had little effect on their viability, as judged from their motility, growth, and\/or retention of green fluorescent proteins genetically engineered for episomal expression. Fluorimetric assays for cell-associated and released green fluorescence proteins proved to be even more sensitive for the evaluation of cell viability than microscopy for the evaluation of motility and\/or integrity. Axenic amastigotes pretreated with the photosensitizer infected macrophages of the J774 line but were lysed intracellularly when the infected cells were exposed to light. Addition of the photosensitizer to the already infected cells produced no effect on their intracellular parasites. However, light irradiation lysed these macrophages and also those infected with parasites preincubated with the photosensitizer at a concentration of 5 \u03bcg \u00b7 ml<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>or higher. Photosensitized<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>cells are highly susceptible to cytolysis, apparently due to the generation of reactive oxidative species on light illumination, suggestive of inefficiency of their antioxidant mechanisms. Efficient delivery of photosensitizers to intracellular<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>is expected to increase their therapeutic potentials against leishmaniasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.49.11.4474-4484.2005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,26]],"date-time":"2005-10-26T16:37:59Z","timestamp":1130344679000},"page":"4474-4484","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Photodynamic Sensitization of<i>Leishmania amazonensis<\/i>in both Extracellular and Intracellular Stages with Aluminum Phthalocyanine Chloride for Photolysis In Vitro"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Sujoy","family":"Dutta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology\/Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University, 3333 Green Bay Rd., N. 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