{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T10:47:56Z","timestamp":1790160476436,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,1]],"date-time":"2005-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1109635200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Although rifamycins have excellent activity against\n            <jats:italic>Chlamydophila pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n            in vitro, concerns about the possible development of resistance during therapy have discouraged their use for treatment of chlamydial infections. Rifalazil, a new semisynthetic rifamycin with a long half-life, is the most active antimicrobial against\n            <jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n            in vitro, indicating its potential for treatment of acute and chronic\n            <jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n            infections. We investigated the effect of serial passage of two\n            <jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n            isolates and two serotypes of\n            <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n            in subinhibitory concentrations of rifalazil and rifampin on the development of phenotypic and genotypic resistance.\n            <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n            developed resistance to both antimicrobials within six passages, with higher level resistance to rifampin (128 to 256 \u03bcg\/ml) and lower level resistance to rifalazil (0.5 to 1 \u03bcg\/ml).\n            <jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n            TW-183 developed only low-level resistance to rifampin (0.25 \u03bcg\/ml) and rifalazil (0.016 \u03bcg\/ml) after 12 passages.\n            <jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n            CWL-029 failed to develop resistance to either drug. Two unique mutations emerged in the\n            <jats:italic>rpoB<\/jats:italic>\n            gene of rifampin (L456I) and rifalazil (D461E)-resistant\n            <jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n            TW-183. A single mutation (H471Y) was detected in both rifampin- and rifalazil-resistant\n            <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n            UW-3\/Cx\/D, and a unique mutation (V136F) was found in rifalazil-resistant BU-434\/L\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n            . No mutations were detected in the entire\n            <jats:italic>rpoB<\/jats:italic>\n            gene of rifampin-resistant BU-434\/L\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n            . This is the first description of antibiotic resistance-associated mutations in\n            <jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n            and of rifampin resistance in\n            <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n            not associated with mutations in the\n            <jats:italic>rpoB<\/jats:italic>\n            gene.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.49.3.903-907.2005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,23]],"date-time":"2005-02-23T22:51:53Z","timestamp":1109199113000},"page":"903-907","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Emergence of Resistance to Rifampin and Rifalazil in\n            <i>Chlamydophila pneumoniae<\/i>\n            and\n            <i>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Andrei","family":"Kutlin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Kohlhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Roblin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret R.","family":"Hammerschlag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics"},{"name":"Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Riska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.3.646"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.42.10.2590"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-5822.2003.00352.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.38.6.1256"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-47-3-197"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/31159"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.39.4.1007"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.7.1972-1976.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.7.2316-2318.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.11.3001-3008.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.7.1808"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0303-4569.2003.00594.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.12.2749"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(88)90517-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S556","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/5.Supplement_3.S556","volume":"5","year":"1983","unstructured":"Jones, R. B., G. L. Ridgeway, S. Boulding, and K. L. Hanley. 1983. In vitro activities of rifamycine alone and in combination with other antibiotics against Chlamydia trachomatis.Rev. Infect. Dis.5:S556-S561.","journal-title":"Rev. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.121.6.1782"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.8.2198-2203.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00334112","volume":"196","year":"1984","unstructured":"Lisitsyn, N. A., E. D. Sverdlov, E. P. Moiseyeva, O. N. Danilevskaya, and V. G. Nikiforov. 1984. Mutation to rifampicin resistance at the beginning of the RNA polymerase beta subunit gene in Escherichia coli.Mol. Gen. Genet.196:173-174.","journal-title":"Mol. Gen. Genet."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2004.52109.x","volume":"52","year":"2004","unstructured":"Loeb, M. B., D. Molloy, M. Smieja, T. Standish, C. H. Goldsmith, J. Mahony, S. Smith, M. Borrie, E. Decoteau, W. Davidson, A. McDougall, J. Gnarpe, M. O'donnell, and M. Chernesky. 2004. A randomized, controlled trial of doxycycline and rifampin for patients with Alzheimer's disease. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc.52:381-387.","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001432-200402000-00010"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.4.1347-1349.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.9.2913-2919.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.3.1135-1136.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/13543784.12.2.255"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S562","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/5.Supplement_3.S562","volume":"5","year":"1983","unstructured":"Schachter, J. 1983. Rifampin in chlamydial infections. Rev. Infect. Dis.5:S562-S564.","journal-title":"Rev. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.33.8.1393"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.4.960"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.42.3.612","volume":"42","year":"1998","unstructured":"Yang, B., H. Koga, H. Ohno, K. Ogawa, M. Fukuda, Y. Hirakata, S. Maesaki, K. Tomono, T. Tashiro, and S. Kohno. 1998. Relationship between antimicrobial activities of rifampicin, rifabutin and KRM-1648 and rpoB mutations of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.J. Antimicrob. Chemother.42:612-628.","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/37.2.357","volume":"37","year":"1996","unstructured":"Zanetti, S., D. Usai, A. Nonis, and G. Fadda. 1996. 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