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They combine cationic and hydrophobic-aromatic amino acids, thus functionally resembling the antimicrobial peptides of innate defenses. This study evaluated the antimicrobial and antiendotoxic properties of a 13-mer derivative peptide of the C-terminal sequence from positions 115 to 129 of myotoxin II, named pEM-2. This peptide (KKWRWWLKALAKK) showed bactericidal activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. In comparison to previously described peptide variants derived from myotoxin II, the toxicity of pEM-2 toward eukaryotic cells in culture was significantly reduced, being similar to that of lactoferricin B but lower than that of polymyxin B. The all-<jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>enantiomer of pEM-2 [pEM-2 (<jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>)] retained the same bactericidal potency of its<jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>-enantiomeric counterpart, but it showed an enhanced ability to counteract the lethal activity of an intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide challenge in mice, which correlated with a significant reduction of the serum tumor necrosis factor alpha levels triggered by this endotoxin. Lethality induced by intraperitoneal infection of mice with<jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>or<jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>serovar Typhimurium was reduced by the administration of pEM-2 (<jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>). These results demonstrate that phospholipase A<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>-derived peptides may have the potential to counteract microbial infections and encourage further evaluations of their actions in vivo.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.49.4.1340-1345.2005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,25]],"date-time":"2005-03-25T19:23:13Z","timestamp":1111778593000},"page":"1340-1345","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Bactericidal and Antiendotoxic Properties of Short Cationic Peptides Derived from a Snake Venom Lys49 Phospholipase A<sub>2<\/sub>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Carlos","family":"Santamari\u0301a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiologi\u0301a, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose\u0301"},{"name":"Programa de Investigacio\u0301n en Enfermedades Tropicales, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silda","family":"Larios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiologi\u0301a, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Auto\u0301noma de Managua, Leo\u0301n, Nicaragua"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Quiro\u0301s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiologi\u0301a, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose\u0301"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Pizarro-Cerda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur, Paris"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Pierre","family":"Gorvel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Lomonte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiologi\u0301a, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose\u0301"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edgardo","family":"Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Investigacio\u0301n en Enfermedades Tropicales, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340051169"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6060(05)80340-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1992.tb05007.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200107001-00002","volume":"29","year":"2001","unstructured":"Beutler, B., and A. 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