{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T12:28:20Z","timestamp":1789907300467,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,1]],"date-time":"2005-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1114905600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n            is responsible for clinically important chronic inflammatory diseases of humans, including trachoma and pelvic inflammatory disease. Persistent infection of mucosal sites may contribute to the development of these chronic inflammatory diseases. Standard clinical therapy results in satisfactory cure rates of acute infections; however, chronic infection associated with persistence has been suggested to be less responsive to antibiotic therapy. We report the efficiency of two first-line chlamydial antibiotics, azithromycin and doxycycline, under conditions of eradication of\n            <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n            persistent infection using the in vitro model of gamma interferon (IFN-\u03b3)-mediated persistence and reactivation from persistence. Doxycycline was superior in eradicating acute (minimal bactericidal concentration [MBC]\n            <jats:sub>100<\/jats:sub>\n            = 2.5 to 5.0 \u03bcg\/ml) compared to persistent (MBC\n            <jats:sub>100<\/jats:sub>\n            = 10 to 50 \u03bcg\/ml) infection. In contrast, azithromycin was significantly more effective in eradicating persistent infection (MBC\n            <jats:sub>100<\/jats:sub>\n            = 2.5 to 5.0 \u03bcg\/ml) than acute infection (MBC\n            <jats:sub>100<\/jats:sub>\n            = 10 to 50 \u03bcg\/ml). The superior bactericidal effect of azithromycin against persistent infection was found to correlate with the enhanced uptake of the drug by IFN-\u03b3-treated infected epithelial cells. Based on these findings, we hypothesize that azithromycin should be a particularly efficacious anti-infective agent for the eradication of IFN-\u03b3-induced chlamydial persistent infection in vivo.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.49.5.1787-1793.2005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,26]],"date-time":"2005-04-26T23:32:47Z","timestamp":1114558367000},"page":"1787-1793","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Bactericidal Activity of First-Choice Antibiotics against Gamma Interferon-Induced Persistent Infection of Human Epithelial Cells by\n            <i>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Nathalie","family":"Reveneau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Intracellular Parasites, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana 59840"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah D.","family":"Crane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Intracellular Parasites, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana 59840"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Intracellular Parasites, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana 59840"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harlan D.","family":"Caldwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Intracellular Parasites, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana 59840"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.62.9.3705-3711.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.9.3998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0966-842X(94)90542-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.58.4.686-699.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.63.1.199-205.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2535394100"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.35.12.2625"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/158.3.510"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-3083.2001.00343.x","volume":"15","year":"2001","unstructured":"Byrne, G. I. 2001. Chlamydial treatment failures: a persistent problem? J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol.15:381.","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.53.2.347-351.1986"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)55612-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02123623"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","unstructured":"Francis V. and V. Turner. 1995. Achieving community support for trachoma control: a guide for district health work. World Health Organization Geneva Switzerland."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(09)90029-4","volume":"122","year":"1993","unstructured":"Hammerschlag, M. R., N. H. Golden, M. K. Oh, M. Gelling, M. Sturdevant, P. R. Brown, Z. Aras, S. Neuhoff, W. Dumornay, and P. M. Roblin. 1993. Single dose of azithromycin for the treatment of genital chlamydial infections in adolescents. J. Pediatr.122:961-965.","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.3.1457-1464.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","first-page":"177","volume":"31","year":"1993","unstructured":"Lauharanta, J., K. Saarinen, M. T. Mustonen, and H. P. Happonen. 1993. Single-dose oral azithromycin versus seven-day doxycycline in the treatment of non-gonococcal urethritis in males. J. Antimicrob. Chemother.31(Suppl. E):177-183.","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-5274(02)00291-6","volume":"5","year":"2002","unstructured":"Loomis, W. P., and M. N. Starnbach. 2002. T-cell responses to Chlamydia trachomatis. Curr. Opin. Microbiol.5:87-91.","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","first-page":"1491","year":"1987","unstructured":"Mabey, D. C., J. N. Robertson, and M. E. Ward. 1987. Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis by enzyme immunoassay in patients with trachoma. Lancetii:1491-1492.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199209243271304"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.6.2741-2751.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","first-page":"57","year":"1992","unstructured":"Morrison, R. P., D. S. Manning, and H. D. Caldwell. 1992. Immunology of Chlamydia trachomatis infections, p. 57-84. In T. C. Quinn (ed.), Advances in host defense mechanisms. Raven, New York, N.Y.","journal-title":"Advances in host defense mechanisms"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.55.1.143-190.1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","first-page":"325","volume":"68","year":"1992","unstructured":"Nilsen, A., A. Halsos, A. Johansen, E. Hansen, E. Torud, D. Moseng, G. Anestad, and G. Storvold. 1992. A double blind study of single dose azithromycin and doxycycline in the treatment of chlamydial urethritis in males. Genitourin. Med.68:325-327.","journal-title":"Genitourin. Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02014194","volume":"1","year":"1982","unstructured":"Oriel, J. D., and G. L. Ridgway. 1982. Epidemiology of chlamydial infection of the human genital tract: evidence for the existence of latent infections. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol.1:69-75.","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.11.4539-4547.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197802232980805"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/158.6.1347","volume":"158","year":"1988","unstructured":"Schachter, J., J. Moncada, C. R. Dawson, J. Sheppard, P. Courtright, M. E. Said, S. Zaki, S. F. Hafez, and A. Lorincz. 1988. Nonculture methods for diagnosing chlamydial infection in patients with trachoma: a clue to the pathogenesis of the disease? J. Infect. Dis.158:1347-1352.","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0603252"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.63.9.3302-3308.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)54120-X","volume":"55","year":"1991","unstructured":"Thejls, H., J. Gnarpe, O. Lundkvist, G. Heimer, G. Larsson, and A. Victor. 1991. Diagnosis and prevalence of persistent chlamydia infection in infertile women: tissue culture, direct antigen detection, and serology. Fertil. Steril.55:304-310.","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","first-page":"13","volume":"72","year":"1995","unstructured":"Thylefors, B. 1995. Global trachoma control past, present and future approaches. Rev. Int. Trach. Pathol. Ocul. Trop. Subtrop. Sante Publique72:13-80.","journal-title":"Sante Publique"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S135","DOI":"10.1086\/342100","volume":"35","year":"2002","unstructured":"Workowski, K. A., and S. M. Berman. 2002. CDC sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines. Clin. Infect. Dis.35:S135-137.","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkh283"}],"container-title":["Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AAC.49.5.1787-1793.2005","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AAC.49.5.1787-1793.2005","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T18:47:29Z","timestamp":1645469249000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/AAC.49.5.1787-1793.2005"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,5]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/AAC.49.5.1787-1793.2005"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.49.5.1787-1793.2005","relation":{},"ISSN":["0066-4804","1098-6596"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0066-4804","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-6596","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2004-07-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2005-01-20","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2005-05-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}