{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T12:44:11Z","timestamp":1793191451587,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,1]],"date-time":"2005-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1117584000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Antifungal agents exert their activity through a variety of mechanisms, some of which are poorly understood. We examined changes in the gene expression profile of<jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>following exposure to representatives of the four currently available classes of antifungal agents used in the treatment of systemic fungal infections. Ketoconazole exposure increased expression of genes involved in lipid, fatty acid, and sterol metabolism, including<jats:italic>NCP1<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>MCR1<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>CYB5<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>ERG2<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>ERG3<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>ERG10<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>ERG25<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>ERG251<\/jats:italic>, and that encoding the azole target,<jats:italic>ERG11<\/jats:italic>. Ketoconazole also increased expression of several genes associated with azole resistance, including<jats:italic>CDR1<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>CDR2<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>IFD4<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>DDR48<\/jats:italic>, and<jats:italic>RTA3<\/jats:italic>. Amphotericin B produced changes in the expression of genes involved in small-molecule transport (<jats:italic>ENA21<\/jats:italic>), and in cell stress (<jats:italic>YHB1<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>CTA1<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>AOX1<\/jats:italic>, and<jats:italic>SOD2<\/jats:italic>). Also observed was decreased expression of genes involved in ergosterol biosynthesis, including<jats:italic>ERG3<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>ERG11<\/jats:italic>. Caspofungin produced changes in expression of genes encoding cell wall maintenance proteins, including the \u03b2-1,3-glucan synthase subunit<jats:italic>GSL22<\/jats:italic>, as well as<jats:italic>PHR1<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>ECM21<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>ECM33<\/jats:italic>, and<jats:italic>FEN12<\/jats:italic>. Flucytosine increased the expression of proteins involved in purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis, including<jats:italic>YNK1<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>FUR1<\/jats:italic>, and that encoding its target,<jats:italic>CDC21<\/jats:italic>. Real-time reverse transcription-PCR was used to confirm microarray results. Genes responding similarly to two or more drugs were also identified. These data shed new light on the effects of these classes of antifungal agents on<jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.49.6.2226-2236.2005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,25]],"date-time":"2005-05-25T23:07:56Z","timestamp":1117062476000},"page":"2226-2236","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":299,"title":["Genome-Wide Expression Profiling of the Response to Azole, Polyene, Echinocandin, and Pyrimidine Antifungal Agents in<i>Candida albicans<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Teresa T.","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pharmacy"},{"name":"Children's Foundation Research Center at Le Bonheur Children's Medical Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38103"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin E. 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David","family":"Rogers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pharmacy"},{"name":"Pharmaceutical Sciences"},{"name":"College of Pharmacy, and Departments of Pediatrics"},{"name":"Children's Foundation Research Center at Le Bonheur Children's Medical Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38103"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M306291200"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.3.6.633"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(94)90346-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2000.02040.x","volume":"37","year":"2000","unstructured":"Banuelos, M. A., R. Madrid, and A. Rodriguez-Navarro. 2000. Individual functions of the HAK and TRK potassium transporters of Schwanniomyces occidentalis. Mol. 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