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There is a 20% failure rate in antibiotic therapy, which is increasingly due to antibiotic resistance and necessitates the search for alternative antimicrobial methods. We have discovered that\n            <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n            when cultured in liquid medium, accumulates significant quantities of coproporphyrin and protoporphyrin IX, both in the cells and secreted into the medium. These photoactive porphyrins lead to cell death (up to 5 logs) by photodynamic action upon illumination with low doses of visible light, with blue\/violet light being most efficient. The degree of killing increases with the age of the culture and is greater than that found with\n            <jats:italic>Propionibacterium acnes<\/jats:italic>\n            (another bacterium known to be photosensitive due to porphyrin accumulation). Both virulent and drug-resistant strains are killed. The data suggest that phototherapy might be used to treat\n            <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n            infection in the human stomach.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.49.7.2822-2827.2005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,25]],"date-time":"2005-06-25T02:22:50Z","timestamp":1119666170000},"page":"2822-2827","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":215,"title":["<i>Helicobacter pylori<\/i>\n            Accumulates Photoactive Porphyrins and Is Killed by Visible Light"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Michael R.","family":"Hamblin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Viveiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changming","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atosa","family":"Ahmadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert A.","family":"Ganz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sterilite LLC, Minnetonka, Minnesota"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Abbott-Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. 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