{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T11:51:20Z","timestamp":1790077880950,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,1]],"date-time":"2006-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1136073600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Antimicrob Agents Chemother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Zygomycetes are emerging opportunistic molds resistant to most conventional antifungals. We evaluated the in vitro activity of lovastatin (LOV), a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, against seven clinical isolates of\n            <jats:italic>Zygomycetes<\/jats:italic>\n            by using standard microdilution methods in three different media, disk diffusion testing, and viability dye staining. To further study the in vivo efficacy of LOV against zygomycetes, we developed a\n            <jats:italic>Drosophila melanogaster<\/jats:italic>\n            model of zygomycosis. In different experiments, groups of Toll-deficient (\n            <jats:italic>Tl<\/jats:italic>\n            ) flies fed LOV-containing food were subsequently injected with two representative\n            <jats:italic>Zygomycetes<\/jats:italic>\n            isolates (\n            <jats:italic>Mucor<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>Rhizopus<\/jats:italic>\n            spp.). Finally, we examined the effects of LOV on voriconazole (VRC) activity against zygomycetes in vitro by checkerboard dilution, Epsilometer test-based methods, and bis-(1,3-dibutylbarbituric acid) trimethine oxonol staining and in vivo in\n            <jats:italic>Tl<\/jats:italic>\n            flies fed food containing LOV plus VRC and infected with zygomycetes. LOV exhibited significant, medium, and strain-independent fungicidal activity against all\n            <jats:italic>Zygomycetes<\/jats:italic>\n            isolates in vitro by all testing methods (MIC\n            <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n            , 48.0 \u03bcg\/ml; 50% minimal fungicidal concentration, 56.0 \u03bcg\/ml; 50% effective concentration, 29.4 \u03bcg\/ml [6.6 to 38.9 \u03bcg\/ml]).\n            <jats:italic>Tl<\/jats:italic>\n            flies fed LOV-containing food and infected with\n            <jats:italic>Mucor<\/jats:italic>\n            had a significantly better 6-day survival rate than did infected\n            <jats:italic>Tl<\/jats:italic>\n            flies fed regular food (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            \u2009= 0.0005). LOV displayed in vitro synergy with VRC against all\n            <jats:italic>Zygomycetes<\/jats:italic>\n            isolates (fractional inhibitory concentration index, 0.104 to 0.290) by all methods used. LOV also displayed synergy with VRC in the\n            <jats:italic>Drosophila<\/jats:italic>\n            model of zygomycosis (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &lt; 0.01). LOV is significantly active against zygomycetes and synergizes with triazoles inherently resistant to them, such as VRC. The clinical significance of these findings needs to be further explored.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.50.1.96-103.2006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,23]],"date-time":"2005-12-23T10:07:51Z","timestamp":1135332471000},"page":"96-103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":106,"title":["Lovastatin Has Significant Activity against Zygomycetes and Interacts Synergistically with Voriconazole"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Georgios","family":"Chamilos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control, and Employee Health, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Russell E.","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control, and Employee Health, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas"},{"name":"University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios P.","family":"Kontoyiannis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control, and Employee Health, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas"},{"name":"University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"2223","volume":"5","year":"1999","unstructured":"Agarwal, B., S. Bhendwal, B. Halmos, S. F. Moss, W. G. Ramey, and P. R. Holt. 1999. Lovastatin augments apoptosis induced by chemotherapeutic agents in colon cancer cells. Clin. Cancer Res.5:2223-2229.","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.232244199"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.9.3001-3012.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"10","volume":"9","year":"2003","unstructured":"Chan, K. K. W., A. M. Oza, and L. L. Siu. 2003. The statins as anticancer agents. Clin. Cancer Res.9:10-19.","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.41.4.850"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.6.2101-2107.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.9.3204-3208.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.117.2.347"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.4.1231-1237.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001432-200412000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.38.5.1144"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0305149101"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006481423298"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.10.2915-2918.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/428780"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80172-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.3.945-951.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/49.2.345"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.10.3252-3259.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/428587"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.34.9.1660"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.11.5400-5402.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.2.478-484.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.9.3402-3408.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","first-page":"253","volume":"5","year":"2004","unstructured":"Miida, T., S. Hirayama, and Y. Nakamura. 2004. Cholesterol-independent effects of statins and new therapeutic strategies: ischemic stroke and dementia. J. Atheroscler. Thromb.5:253-264.","journal-title":"J. Atheroscler. Thromb."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","unstructured":"National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. 2002. Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of conidium-forming filamentous fungi. Approved standard M38-A. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards Wayne Pa."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.13.2.236"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/fgbi.1998.1093"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.5.1581-1582.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.37.3.580"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/516353"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","first-page":"315","year":"1990","unstructured":"White, T. J., T. Bruns, S. Lee, and J. W. Taylor. 1990. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics, p. 315-322. In M. A. Innis, D. H. Gelfand, J. Sninsky, and T. J. White (ed.), PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications. Academic Press, San Diego, Calif.","journal-title":"PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.182.15.4319-4327.2000"}],"container-title":["Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AAC.50.1.96-103.2006","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AAC.50.1.96-103.2006","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T19:03:39Z","timestamp":1645470219000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/AAC.50.1.96-103.2006"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,1]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/AAC.50.1.96-103.2006"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.50.1.96-103.2006","relation":{},"ISSN":["0066-4804","1098-6596"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0066-4804","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-6596","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2005-07-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2005-10-19","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2006-01-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}