{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T12:23:19Z","timestamp":1787314999304,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]],"date-time":"2024-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/ASMCopyrightv2"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]],"date-time":"2024-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713312000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"MOST | National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U21A20411"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U21A20411"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"HSTD | Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","award":["2021JJ40220"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021JJ40220"]}]},{"name":"Special funds for the development of local science and technology from the central government","award":["2019XF5067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019XF5067"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      With its estrogenic activity, (\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      )-equol plays an important role in maintaining host health and preventing estrogen-related diseases. Exclusive production occurs through the transformation of soy isoflavones by intestinal bacteria, but the reasons for variations in (\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      )-equol production among different individuals and species remain unclear. Here, fecal samples from humans, pigs, chickens, mice, and rats were used as research objects. The concentrations of (\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      )-equol, along with the genetic homology and evolutionary relationships of (\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      )-equol production-related genes [daidzein reductase (DZNR), daidzein racemase (DDRC), dihydrodaidzein reductase (DHDR), tetrahydrodaidzein reductase (THDR)], were analyzed. Additionally,\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      functional verification of the newly identified DDRC gene was conducted. It was found that approximately 40% of human samples contained (\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      )-equol, whereas 100% of samples from other species contained (\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      )-equol. However, there were significant variations in (\n                      <jats:italic>S)-<\/jats:italic>\n                      equol content among the different species: rats &gt; pigs &gt; chickens &gt; mice &gt; humans. The distributions of the four genes displayed species-specific patterns. High detection rates across various species were exhibited by\n                      <jats:italic>DHDR<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>THDR<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>DDRC<\/jats:italic>\n                      . In contrast, substantial variations in detection rates among different species and individuals were observed with respect to\n                      <jats:italic>DZNR<\/jats:italic>\n                      . It appears that various types of\n                      <jats:italic>DZNR<\/jats:italic>\n                      may be associated with different concentrations of (\n                      <jats:italic>S)-<\/jats:italic>\n                      equol, which potentially correspond to the regulatory role during (\n                      <jats:italic>S)-<\/jats:italic>\n                      equol synthesis. This enhances our understanding of individual variations in (\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      )-equol production and their connection with functional genes\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Moreover, the newly identified DDRC exhibits higher potential for (\n                      <jats:italic>S)-<\/jats:italic>\n                      equol synthesis compared to the known DDRC, providing valuable resources for advancing\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>S)-<\/jats:italic>\n                      equol production.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      )-equol ((\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      )-EQ) plays a crucial role in maintaining human health, along with its known capacity to prevent and treat various diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndromes, osteoporosis, diabetes, brain-related diseases, high blood pressure, hyperlipidemia, obesity, and inflammation. However, factors affecting individual variations in (\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      )-EQ production and the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain elusive. This study examines the association between functional genes and (\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      )-EQ production, highlighting a potential correlation between the DZNR gene and (\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      )-EQ content. Various types of DZNR may be linked to the regulation of (\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      )-EQ synthesis. Furthermore, the identification of a new DDRC gene offers promising prospects for enhancing in vitro (\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      )-EQ production.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00007-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T09:06:09Z","timestamp":1710839169000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Exploring functional genes\u2019 correlation with (\n                    <i>S<\/i>\n                    )-equol concentration and new daidzein racemase identification"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"90","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6996-214X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun-Fei","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Advantage Plants Resources in Hunan South, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou, Hunan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheng-Qi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke-Xin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Xuan","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1310-2658","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bai-Yuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin-Yan","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua-Hai","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Advantage Plants Resources in Hunan South, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou, Hunan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6866-5525","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ye-Shi","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Advantage Plants Resources in Hunan South, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou, Hunan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2003.11.035"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2018.4265"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11092231"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18168254"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000002052"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26041105"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13124366"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2021.1946006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2022.154509"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12088-022-01020-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfpp.14205"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fny195"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11050993"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03584-15"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00410-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.06779-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.901745"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-022-08426-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.13616"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acssynbio.2c00378"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.2840"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msab120"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1385\/1-59259-192-2:71"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01182"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpaa053"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.1c03950"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13120836"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12192709"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1128\/aem.02038-24","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]],"date-time":"2024-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730678400000}}],"container-title":["Applied and Environmental Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/aem.00007-24","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/aem.00007-24","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T19:19:06Z","timestamp":1715800746000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/aem.00007-24"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Edward G.","family":"Dudley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/aem.00007-24"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aem.00007-24","relation":{},"ISSN":["0099-2240","1098-5336"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0099-2240","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5336","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-01-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-02-28","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-03-19","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e00007-24"}}