{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T15:28:37Z","timestamp":1775921317557,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,15]],"date-time":"2011-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1313366400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Filamentous fungi produce an impressive variety of secondary metabolites; many of them have important biological activities. The biosynthesis of these secondary metabolites is frequently induced by plant-derived external elicitors and appears to also be regulated by internal inducers, which may work in a way similar to that of bacterial autoinducers. The biosynthesis of penicillin in\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Penicillium chrysogenum<\/jats:named-content>\n            is an excellent model for studying the molecular mechanisms of control of gene expression due to a good knowledge of the biochemistry and molecular genetics of \u03b2-lactam antibiotics and to the availability of its genome sequence and proteome. In this work, we first developed a plate bioassay that allows direct testing of inducers of penicillin biosynthesis using single colonies of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. chrysogenum<\/jats:named-content>\n            . Using this bioassay, we have found an inducer substance in the conditioned culture broths of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. chrysogenum<\/jats:named-content>\n            and\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Acremonium chrysogenum<\/jats:named-content>\n            . No inducing effect was exerted by \u03b3-butyrolactones, jasmonic acid, or the penicillin precursor \u03b4-(\n            <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n            -\u03b1-aminoadipyl)-\n            <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n            -cysteinyl-\n            <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\n            -valine. The conditioned broth induced penicillin biosynthesis and transcription of the\n            <jats:italic>pcbAB<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>pcbC<\/jats:italic>\n            , and\n            <jats:italic>penDE<\/jats:italic>\n            genes when added at inoculation time, but its effect was smaller if added at 12 h and it had no effect when added at 24 h, as shown by Northern analysis and\n            <jats:italic>lacZ<\/jats:italic>\n            reporter studies. The inducer molecule was purified and identified by mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) as 1,3-diaminopropane. Addition of pure 1,3-diaminopropane stimulated the production of penicillin by about 100% compared to results for the control cultures. Genes for the biosynthesis of 1,3-diaminopropane have been identified in the\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. chrysogenum<\/jats:named-content>\n            genome.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00059-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,4]],"date-time":"2011-07-04T11:30:31Z","timestamp":1309779031000},"page":"5688-5696","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Characterization of an Autoinducer of Penicillin Biosynthesis in Penicillium chrysogenum"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Jorge","family":"Mart\u00edn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INBIOTEC, Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda de Le\u00f3n, Avda. 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