{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:56:08Z","timestamp":1785426968309,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755648000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Office of Readiness and Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Infant botulism, the most common form of botulism in the United States, occurs when botulinum toxin-producing clostridia colonize the infant\u2019s gut and produce botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT). This condition is treated with botulinum antitoxin and supportive care; antibiotics are avoided due to the risk of worsening symptoms by promoting toxin release. Consequently, antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) are rarely investigated in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Clostridium botulinum<\/jats:italic>\n                      strains. During 2020 through 2023, 226\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">botulinum<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates associated with infant botulism were sequenced in our laboratory using whole-genome sequencing (WGS) technologies.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">In silico<\/jats:italic>\n                      analysis of the WGS data revealed that 15% of these isolates (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 36) carried a\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">vatD<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene variant, which is associated with resistance to streptogramin A antibiotics. In this study, we describe the molecular characterization of 36 isolates that harbor the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">vatD<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the detection of the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">vatD<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene in the chromosome of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. botulinum<\/jats:italic>\n                      recovered from infants in the United States.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        The continuous expansion of whole-genome sequencing (WGS) technologies, combined with refined data analysis tools, has enabled an in-depth analysis of pathogens, allowing a thorough characterization and comprehension of the genomic diversity of\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. botulinum<\/jats:italic>\n                        . In the present study, we demonstrate how the implementation of WGS into laboratory surveillance workflow allowed the detection of an antimicrobial resistance gene, the\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">vatD<\/jats:italic>\n                        gene, in the chromosome of\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. botulinum<\/jats:italic>\n                        strains recovered from infants. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report the detection of the\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">vatD<\/jats:italic>\n                        gene in non-enterococci isolates recovered from clinical samples in the United States.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00090-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T13:00:23Z","timestamp":1753189223000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Detection of a streptogramin A O-acetyltransferase gene (\n                    <i>vatD<\/i>\n                    ) in the chromosome of\n                    <i>Clostridium botulinum<\/i>\n                    isolated from infants in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"91","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7406-1223","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ana Rafaela","family":"Kruemmel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00qzjvm58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"National Botulism Laboratory, Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Atlanta, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica L.","family":"Halpin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00qzjvm58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"National Botulism Laboratory, Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Atlanta, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria M.","family":"Foltz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00qzjvm58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"National Botulism Laboratory, Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Atlanta, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet K.","family":"Dykes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00qzjvm58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"National Botulism Laboratory, Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Atlanta, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3116-0069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"L\u00faquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00qzjvm58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"National Botulism Laboratory, Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Atlanta, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.116.012658"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins9010038"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/444507"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services. 2019. 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