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These viruses may have evolved from a small ancestor. During their evolution, virus-to-virus horizontal gene transfer has substantially contributed to the expansion of the genomic repertoire of giant viruses. In this study, we identified a horizontal transfer of a large fraction of the genome between viruses in pandoraviruses, a group of giant viruses with the largest genome sizes reaching 2.5 Mbp. We isolated a pandoravirus that belongs to a known viral species. However, its genome size was 200 kbp larger than that of other strains in the same species. Comparative genomics identified a 180-kbp genomic fraction with 168 genes in the newly isolated virus, which may have been horizontally transferred from a distantly related pandoravirus. The gene composition in the 180-kbp region further indicates that this region was already large at the time of the horizontal transfer. Our findings suggest that pandoraviruses can horizontally exchange a large portion of their genomes. This event presumably represents one mechanism for accelerating genomic evolution and gigantism in giant viruses.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        Giant viruses are double-stranded DNA viruses belonging to the phylum\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Nucleocytoviricota<\/jats:italic>\n                        , characterized by large particles and genomes. Previous studies have suggested that these viruses may have evolved from a small ancestor, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, we isolated one of the largest giant viruses, pandoravirus, which belongs to a known viral species but has a genome 200 kbp larger than that of other strains in the same species. Comparative genomics identified a 180-kbp genomic fragment containing 168 genes in the newly isolated virus that is absent from other strains of the same species. Further comparative analysis indicated that this 180-kbp region has been horizontally transferred from a distantly related pandoravirus. Our findings suggest that giant viruses can exchange a massive number of genes by a horizontal transfer of a large genomic fraction, which may have contributed to their gigantism.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00105-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T14:30:31Z","timestamp":1781793031000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Horizontal transfer of a 180-kbp genomic fraction among the largest viral genomes"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"92","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4876-3133","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Hikida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0349bbg69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Chemical Life Science, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto 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