{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T06:21:39Z","timestamp":1781158899447,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,31]],"date-time":"2018-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1527724800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AuthorWarrantyLicense.v1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,15]],"date-time":"2018-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1529020800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Office of the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Chemical and Biological Defense"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000774","name":"DOD | Defense Threat Reduction Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000774","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            In 2015, a laboratory of the United States Department of Defense (DoD) inadvertently shipped preparations of gamma-irradiated spores of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n            that contained live spores. In response, a systematic evidence-based method for preparing, concentrating, irradiating, and verifying the inactivation of spore materials was developed. We demonstrate the consistency of spore preparations across multiple biological replicates and show that two different DoD institutions independently obtained comparable dose-inactivation curves for a monodisperse suspension of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n            spores containing 3 \u00d7 10\n            <jats:sup>10<\/jats:sup>\n            CFU. Spore preparations from three different institutions and three strain backgrounds yielded similar decimal reduction (D\n            <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n            ) values and irradiation doses required to ensure sterility (D\n            <jats:sub>SAL<\/jats:sub>\n            ) to the point at which the probability of detecting a viable spore is 10\n            <jats:sup>\u22126<\/jats:sup>\n            . Furthermore, spores of a genetically tagged strain of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n            strain Sterne were used to show that high densities of dead spores suppress the recovery of viable spores. Together, we present an integrated method for preparing, irradiating, and verifying the inactivation of spores of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n            for use as standard reagents for testing and evaluating detection and diagnostic devices and techniques.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n            The inadvertent shipment by a U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) laboratory of live\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n            (anthrax) spores to U.S. and international destinations revealed the need to standardize inactivation methods for materials derived from biological select agents and toxins (BSAT) and for the development of evidence-based methods to prevent the recurrence of such an event. Following a retrospective analysis of the procedures previously employed to generate inactivated\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. anthracis<\/jats:named-content>\n            spores, a study was commissioned by the DoD to provide data required to support the production of inactivated spores for the biodefense community. The results of this work are presented in this publication, which details the method by which spores can be prepared, irradiated, and tested, such that the chance of finding residual living spores in any given preparation is 1\/1,000,000. These irradiated spores are used to test equipment and methods for the detection of agents of biological warfare and bioterrorism.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00106-18","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,16]],"date-time":"2018-04-16T08:42:02Z","timestamp":1523868122000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["A Standard Method To Inactivate Bacillus anthracis Spores to Sterility via Gamma Irradiation"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Christopher K.","family":"Cote","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriology Division, United States Army Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tony","family":"Buhr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren Division, Dahlgren, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Casey B.","family":"Bernhards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"Defense Threat Reduction Agency\/National Research Council Research Associate Program, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew D.","family":"Bohmke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren Division, Dahlgren, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alena M.","family":"Calm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josephine S.","family":"Esteban-Trexler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriology Division, United States Army Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Hunter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriology Division, United States Army Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Katoski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil","family":"Kennihan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren Division, Dahlgren, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher P.","family":"Klimko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriology Division, United States Army Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy A.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriology Division, United States Army Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zachary A.","family":"Minter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren Division, Dahlgren, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerry W.","family":"Pfarr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amber M.","family":"Prugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avery V.","family":"Quirk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriology Division, United States Army Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryan A.","family":"Rivers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"April A.","family":"Shea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriology Division, United States Army Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Shoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriology Division, United States Army Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Todd M.","family":"Sickler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice A.","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren Division, Dahlgren, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David P.","family":"Fetterer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics Division, United States Army Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan L.","family":"Welkos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriology Division, United States Army Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6959-8176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joel A.","family":"Bozue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriology Division, United States Army Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derrell","family":"McPherson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren Division, Dahlgren, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"Augustus W.","family":"Fountain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry S.","family":"Gibbons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.64.3.548-572.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0507121102"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2009.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","volume-title":"The biology of doom: the history of America's secret germ warfare project","author":"Regis E","year":"1999","unstructured":"Regis E. 1999. The biology of doom: the history of America's secret germ warfare project, 1st ed. Henry Holt, New York, NY.","edition":"1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/harvard.9780674065260"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.12.4566-4567.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","volume-title":"Amerithrax investigative summary","year":"2010","unstructured":". 2010. Amerithrax investigative summary. U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, DC."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1016657108"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(02)02373-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.TBS-0021-2015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00050-15"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01746-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","volume-title":"The destruction of bacterial spores","author":"Russell AD","year":"1982","unstructured":"Russell AD. 1982. The destruction of bacterial spores. Academic Press, Cambridge, MA."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/183475b0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","volume-title":"Inactivation of vegetative bacteria and spores of Bacillus anthracis by gamma-irradiation: CBDE Porton Down technical note no","author":"Manchee RJ","year":"1991","unstructured":"Manchee RJ, Watson S. 1991. Inactivation of vegetative bacteria and spores of Bacillus anthracis by gamma-irradiation: CBDE Porton Down technical note no. 1090. Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0906.020377"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.67.8.3665-3670.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00557-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2002.01687.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2003.01960.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","first-page":"171","volume-title":"Gamma radiation","author":"Aparecida da Silva Aquino K","year":"2012","unstructured":"Aparecida da Silva Aquino K. 2012. Sterilization by gamma irradiation, p 171\u2013206. In Adrovic F (ed), Gamma radiation. InTech, Rijeka, Croatia."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.46488-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0707.017706"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","volume-title":"Sterilization of health care products\u2014requirements and guidance for selecting a sterility assurance level (SAL) for products labeled \u201csterile.\u201d","author":"Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation","year":"2011","unstructured":"Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation. 2011. Sterilization of health care products\u2014requirements and guidance for selecting a sterility assurance level (SAL) for products labeled \u201csterile.\u201d Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation, Arlington, VA."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","volume-title":"Sterilization of health care products\u2014radiation\u2014part 2: establishing the sterilization dose","author":"Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation","year":"2006","unstructured":"Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation. 2006. Sterilization of health care products\u2014radiation\u2014part 2: establishing the sterilization dose. Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation, Arlington, VA."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","first-page":"70","article-title":"Inactivation of Bacillus anthracis vegetative cells and spores by gamma irradiation","volume":"87","author":"Bowen JE","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bowen JE, Manchee RJ, Watson S, Turnbull PC. 1996. Inactivation of Bacillus anthracis vegetative cells and spores by gamma irradiation. Salisbury Med Bull Suppl 87:70\u201372.","journal-title":"Salisbury Med Bull"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/am.29.1.34-39.1975"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","volume-title":"Inactivation of biological agent simulants by gamma radiation from cobalt-60","author":"Neely W","year":"1997","unstructured":"Neely W, Blevins W, Littrell D, Federle S. 1997. Inactivation of biological agent simulants by gamma radiation from cobalt-60. Air Force Material Command, Eglin Air Force Base, FL."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02231-15"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","volume-title":"Office of the Secretary of Defense, OASD(NCB)","author":"Majidi V","year":"2015","unstructured":"Majidi V. 2015. Review committee report: inadvertent shipment of live Bacillus anthracis spores by DoD. Office of the Secretary of Defense, OASD(NCB), U.S. Department of Defense, Washington, DC."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","first-page":"72","article-title":"Sterility and sterility assurance","volume":"51","author":"Akers J","year":"1997","unstructured":"Akers J, Agalloco J. 1997. Sterility and sterility assurance. PDA J Pharm Sci Technol 51:72\u201377.","journal-title":"PDA J Pharm Sci Technol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","volume-title":"United States Postal Service: information on the irradiation of federal mail in the Washington, DC area","author":"Herr PR","year":"2008","unstructured":"Herr PR. 2008. United States Postal Service: information on the irradiation of federal mail in the Washington, DC area. Government Accountability Office, Washington, DC."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1472-765X.2003.01337.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1987.tb02408.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2012.05423.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.12928"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.12253"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-014-0021-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2011.05122.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","volume-title":"How good labs can get wrong results\u2014keys to accurate and reproducible quantitation of Bacillus anthracis spore sampling or extraction efficiency","author":"Camp DW","year":"2008","unstructured":"Camp DW, Montgomery NK. 2008. How good labs can get wrong results\u2014keys to accurate and reproducible quantitation of Bacillus anthracis spore sampling or extraction efficiency. Abstr 3rd Natl Conf Environmental Sampling and Detection for Bio-Threat Agents, Las Vegas, NV."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01626560"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","first-page":"2717","article-title":"Surface hydiophobicity of spores of Bacillus spp","volume":"135","author":"Koshikawa T","year":"1989","unstructured":"Koshikawa T, Yamazaki M, Yoshimi M, Ogawa S, Yamada A, Watabe K, Torii M. 1989. Surface hydiophobicity of spores of Bacillus spp. J Gen Microbiol 135:2717\u20132722.","journal-title":"J Gen Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1990.tb01548.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1990.tb01547.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/w02-063"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.1999.00878.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","unstructured":"United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 14 August 2017. Revised FSAP policy statement: inactivated Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus cereus bv. anthracis. https:\/\/www.selectagents.gov\/policystatement_bacillus.html. Accessed 12 December 2017."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2006.01.059"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03136-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.13600"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.63.1.1-20.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(00)76721-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.87.4.876-886.1964"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2011.05004.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01827-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt1099"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00122-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0043350"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(89)90359-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142758"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2008.03899.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1524\/zpch.2011.0183"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1980101"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2001.01394.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.13055"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5483\/BMBRep.2009.42.1.047"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020374"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2016.01.018"}],"container-title":["Applied and Environmental Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AEM.00106-18","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AEM.00106-18","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T18:37:48Z","timestamp":1645641468000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/AEM.00106-18"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Janet L.","family":"Schottel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,15]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,15]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/AEM.00106-18"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aem.00106-18","relation":{},"ISSN":["0099-2240","1098-5336"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0099-2240","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5336","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-01-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-04-05","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-05-31","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e00106-18"}}