{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T13:28:39Z","timestamp":1787146119013,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007917","name":"USDA Agricultural Research Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["8030-31000-005-00D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8030-31000-005-00D"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007917","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n \n \n As the Gulf of Maine warms, characterizing seasonal baseline levels of the human pathogen\n Vibrio parahaemolyticus<\/jats:italic>\n (\n Vp<\/jats:italic>\n ) in Eastern oysters (\n Crassostrea virginica<\/jats:italic>\n ) is crucial, along with synoptic environmental data, to develop predictive capacity and risk management strategies. In Maine, USA, from May to November 2023, oyster samples were collected from Scarborough River, Maquoit Bay, and the Damariscotta River.\n Vp<\/jats:italic>\n was quantified using the U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved three-tube most-probable-number (MPN) real-time PCR method, detecting the presence of total\n Vp<\/jats:italic>\n (i.e.,\n tlh<\/jats:italic>\n gene) and potentially pathogenic\n Vp<\/jats:italic>\n (i.e.,\n tdh<\/jats:italic>\n and\/or\n trh<\/jats:italic>\n genes).\n tlh<\/jats:italic>\n was detected at all sites once water temperatures reached 16\u00b0C, with densities ranging from <3 to >1,100 MPN g\n \u22121<\/jats:sup>\n . Generalized additive models revealed significant positive relationships between both potential pathogenic markers (\n tdh<\/jats:italic>\n and\n trh<\/jats:italic>\n ) and sea surface temperature.\n tdh<\/jats:italic>\n in the Damariscotta River, the largest oyster-growing area in northern New England, was the most responsive to water temperature, and\n trh<\/jats:italic>\n in Maquoit Bay was the most responsive to salinity. Statewide\n Vp<\/jats:italic>\n regulations for harvesting and handling oysters were implemented in Maine in 2024, and these baseline data already demonstrate the importance of maintaining cold chain storage, as potentially pathogenic strains were detected at all three sites. Given the growing number of\n Vp<\/jats:italic>\n -associated illnesses and the clear response of\n Vp<\/jats:italic>\n to warming conditions in the region, these baseline data provide timely insights for harvesters and inform policies to safeguard public health.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n \n The Gulf of Maine is both a hotspot for expanding aquaculture production and one of the fastest warming marine regions in the world. Rising numbers of vibriosis illnesses in warmer months associated with consumption of raw oysters, including Maine\u2019s first outbreak in 2023, highlight critical gaps in baseline data on the human pathogen\n Vibrio parahaemolyticus<\/jats:italic>\n (\n Vp<\/jats:italic>\n ) (State of Maine, Department of Marine Resources,\n Vibrio parahaemolyticus<\/jats:italic>\n control plan, chapter 115.02.a, 2016). The state of Maine requires up-to-date baseline information on\n Vp<\/jats:italic>\n in productive growing areas to respond effectively to future illnesses and potential growing area closures. Our results support the need for a statewide\n Vp<\/jats:italic>\n control plan that addresses harvest and post-harvest practices, particularly minimizing temperature abuse of live oysters. As climate change continues to warm coastal waters and alter estuarine conditions, systematic data on\n Vp<\/jats:italic>\n abundance and seasonality are increasingly essential for managing the public health dimensions of shellfish aquaculture in Maine and similar high-latitude regions.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00168-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T15:33:19Z","timestamp":1785511999000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Seasonality of\n Vibrio parahaemolyticus<\/i>\n in the Eastern oyster,\n Crassostrea virginica,<\/i>\n along the coast of Maine, USA"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"92","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9002-8467","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aidan","family":"Lurgio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Maine Department of Marine Resources, Bureau of Public Health and Aquaculture","place":["Boothbay, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Everett","family":"Rzeszowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01adr0w49","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Darling Marine Center","place":["Walpole, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Webb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maine Department of Marine Resources, Bureau of Public Health and Aquaculture","place":["Boothbay, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tyler","family":"Spillane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maine Department of Marine Resources, Bureau of Public Health and Aquaculture","place":["Boothbay, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1945-0162","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stephen","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04pvpk743","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire","place":["Durham, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sue","family":"Ishaq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01adr0w49","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine","place":["Orono, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1428-2294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camille H.","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01adr0w49","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Darling Marine Center","place":["Walpole, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maine Department of Marine Resources, Bureau of Public Health and Aquaculture","place":["Boothbay, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kohl","family":"Kanwit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maine Department of Marine Resources, Bureau of Public Health and Aquaculture","place":["Boothbay, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damian C.","family":"Brady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01adr0w49","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Darling Marine Center","place":["Walpole, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","unstructured":"Damicis J Tagliafierro J McNiff T Hallowell A Allen C. 2023. 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