{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T01:12:09Z","timestamp":1792717929258,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,15]],"date-time":"2015-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1434326400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Pseudomonas syringae<\/jats:named-content>\n            pv. actinidiae is the major cause of bacterial canker and is a severe threat to kiwifruit production worldwide. Many aspects of the disease caused by\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. syringae<\/jats:named-content>\n            pv. actinidiae, such as the pathogenicity-relevant formation of a biofilm composed of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs), are still unknown. Here, a highly virulent strain of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. syringae<\/jats:named-content>\n            pv. actinidiae, NZ V-13, was studied with respect to biofilm formation and architecture using a flow cell system combined with confocal laser scanning microscopy. The biofilm formed by\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. syringae<\/jats:named-content>\n            pv. actinidiae NZ V-13 was heterogeneous, consisting of a thin cellular base layer 5 \u03bcm thick and microcolonies with irregular structures. The major component of the EPSs produced by\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. syringae<\/jats:named-content>\n            pv. actinidiae NZ V-13 bacteria was isolated and identified to be an exopolysaccharide. Extensive compositional and structural analysis showed that rhamnose, fucose, and glucose were the major constituents, present at a ratio of 5:1.5:2. Experimental evidence that\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. syringae<\/jats:named-content>\n            pv. actinidiae NZ V-13 produces two polysaccharides, a branched \u03b1-\n            <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\n            -rhamnan with side chains of terminal \u03b1-\n            <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\n            -Fuc\n            <jats:italic>f<\/jats:italic>\n            and an \u03b1-\n            <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\n            -1,4-linked glucan, was obtained. The susceptibility of the cells in biofilms to kasugamycin and chlorine dioxide was assessed. About 64 and 73% of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. syringae<\/jats:named-content>\n            pv. actinidiae NZ V-13 cells in biofilms were killed when kasugamycin and chlorine dioxide were used at 5 and 10 ppm, respectively. Kasugamycin inhibited the attachment of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. syringae<\/jats:named-content>\n            pv. actinidiae NZ V-13 to solid surfaces at concentrations of 80 and 100 ppm. Kasugamycin was bacteriostatic against\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. syringae<\/jats:named-content>\n            pv. actinidiae NZ V-13 growth in the planktonic mode, with the MIC being 40 to 60 ppm and a bactericidal effect being found at 100 ppm. Here we studied the formation, architecture, and composition of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">P. syringae<\/jats:named-content>\n            pv. actinidiae biofilms as well as used the biofilm as a model to assess the efficacies of bactericidal compounds.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00194-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,4]],"date-time":"2015-04-04T01:15:22Z","timestamp":1428110122000},"page":"4026-4036","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Bactericidal Compounds Controlling Growth of the Plant Pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae, Which Forms Biofilms Composed of a Novel Exopolysaccharide"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Shirin","family":"Ghods","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian M.","family":"Sims","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Petone, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Fata","family":"Moradali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernd H. A.","family":"Rehm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand"},{"name":"MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3186\/jjphytopath.55.437"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","first-page":"68","article-title":"Outbreak and spread of bacterial canker in kiwifruit","volume":"10","author":"Koh YJ","year":"1994","unstructured":"Koh YJ, Chung HJ, Cha BJ, Lee DH. 1994. Outbreak and spread of bacterial canker in kiwifruit. 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