{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T16:35:32Z","timestamp":1785429332005,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2024ZD49"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2024ZD49"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Limnospira fusiformis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , a nutritionally valuable cyanobacterium with significant biomanufacturing potential, faces critical challenges from pathogenic invasions. This study identified\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Halomonas variabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      2-9 as the primary pathogen of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">L. fusiformis<\/jats:italic>\n                      cultivation collapse, demonstrating broad-spectrum algicidal activity against multiple cyanobacterial species. Additionally, the algicidal substance produced by\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">H. variabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      2-9 was purified and identified as toxic dibutyl phthalate. At a concentration of 3 \u00b5g\/mL, the purified algicidal substance caused 90.6% reduction in Fv\/Fm within 24 h and 86% degradation of chlorophyll-\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">a<\/jats:italic>\n                      within 120 h. To be specific, Fv\/Fm as the maximum photochemical quantum yield of photosystem II is a core indicator reflecting the photosynthetic activity and health status of spirulina. A sudden drop in Fv\/Fm of spirulina indicates impaired function of Photosystem II. Therefore, the purified algicidal substance severely damaged the photosynthetic system of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">L. fusiformis<\/jats:italic>\n                      . To mitigate the detrimental effects of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">H. variabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      2-9,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bacillus velezensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      L4 was isolated from deep-sea sediments. This strain produced an antimicrobial compound (C\n                      <jats:sub>31<\/jats:sub>\n                      H\n                      <jats:sub>42<\/jats:sub>\n                      O\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) that specifically inhibited\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">H. variabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      2-9 without damaging\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">L. fusiformis<\/jats:italic>\n                      . In co-culture experiments,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. velezensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      L4 reversed\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Halomonas<\/jats:italic>\n                      -induced algal decay, demonstrating its potential as a biocontrol agent. These findings provide both mechanistic insights into\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Halomonas<\/jats:italic>\n                      -mediated cyanobacterial pathogenesis and a practical solution for sustainable aquaculture management.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study identifies\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">H. variabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      2-9 as a novel cyanobacterial pathogen that produces hazardous compound dibutyl phthalate (DBP), causing severe damage to\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">L. fusiformis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and exhibiting broad-spectrum algicidal activity against other cyanobacteria. The discovery of DBP-mediated pathogenesis provides crucial insights into microbial threats to aquaculture systems. Significantly, we demonstrate that\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. velezensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      L4, isolated from deep-sea environments, serves as an effective biocontrol agent through the production of a selective antimicrobial compound that specifically targets\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">H. variabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      2-9 without harming\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">L. fusiformis<\/jats:italic>\n                      . These findings offer both fundamental understanding of cyanobacterial disease mechanisms and a practical, sustainable solution for algal disease management.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00199-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T13:00:19Z","timestamp":1774011619000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pathogenic effects of\n                    <i>Halomonas<\/i>\n                    on cyanobacteria and biocontrol potential of a deep-sea\n                    <i>Bacillus<\/i>\n                    strain"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"Xinyi","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/021cj6z65","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University","place":["Qingdao, 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