{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T05:25:21Z","timestamp":1791091521312,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,1]],"date-time":"2007-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1191196800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Coinfections within hosts present opportunities for horizontal gene transfer between strains and competitive interactions between genotypes and thus can be a critical element of the lifestyles of pathogens.\n            <jats:italic>Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n            spp. are\n            <jats:italic>Alphaproteobacteria<\/jats:italic>\n            that parasitize mammalian erythrocytes and endothelial cells. Their vectors are thought to be various biting arthropods, such as fleas, ticks, mites, and lice, and they are commonly cited as agents of various emerging diseases. Coinfections by different\n            <jats:italic>Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n            strains and species can be common in mammals, but little is known about specificity and coinfections in arthropod vectors. We surveyed the rate of mixed infections of\n            <jats:italic>Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n            in flea vectors (\n            <jats:italic>Polygenis gwyni<\/jats:italic>\n            ) parasitizing cotton rats (\n            <jats:italic>Sigmodon hispidus<\/jats:italic>\n            ) in which previous surveys indicated high rates of infection. We found that nearly all fleas (20 of 21) harbored one or more strains of\n            <jats:italic>Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n            , with rates of coinfection approaching 90%. A strain previously identified as common in cotton rats was also common in their fleas. However, another common strain in cotton rats was absent from\n            <jats:italic>P. gwyni<\/jats:italic>\n            , while a rare cotton rat strain was quite common in\n            <jats:italic>P. gwyni<\/jats:italic>\n            . Surprisingly, some samples were also coinfected with a strain phylogenetically related to\n            <jats:italic>Bartonella clarridgeiae<\/jats:italic>\n            , which is typically associated with felids and ruminants. Finally, a locus (\n            <jats:italic>pap31<\/jats:italic>\n            ) that is characteristically borne on phage in\n            <jats:italic>Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n            was successfully sequenced from most samples. However, sequence diversity in\n            <jats:italic>pap31<\/jats:italic>\n            was novel in the\n            <jats:italic>P. gwyni<\/jats:italic>\n            samples, relative to other\n            <jats:italic>Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n            previously typed with\n            <jats:italic>pap31<\/jats:italic>\n            , emphasizing the likelihood of large reservoirs of cryptic diversity in natural populations of the pathogen.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00228-07","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,11]],"date-time":"2007-08-11T01:01:28Z","timestamp":1186794088000},"page":"6045-6052","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Mixed Infections, Cryptic Diversity, and Vector-Borne Pathogens: Evidence from\n            <i>Polygenis<\/i>\n            Fleas and\n            <i>Bartonella<\/i>\n            Species"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Patrick","family":"Abbot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alena E.","family":"Aviles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, P.O. Box 8042, Statesboro, Georgia 30460"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Eller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lance A.","family":"Durden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, P.O. 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