{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T05:09:04Z","timestamp":1778562544867,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,1]],"date-time":"2012-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1346457600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Understanding the spread of infectious diseases is crucial for implementing effective control measures. For this, it is important to obtain information on the contemporary population structure of a disease agent and to infer the evolutionary processes that may have shaped it. Here, we investigate on a continental scale the population structure of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:named-content>, the causative agent of Lyme borreliosis (LB), a tick-borne disease, in North America. We test the hypothesis that the observed population structure is congruent with recent population expansions and that these were preceded by bottlenecks mostly likely caused by the near extirpation in the 1900s of hosts required for sustaining tick populations. Multilocus sequence typing and complementary population analytical tools were used to evaluate<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. burgdorferi<\/jats:named-content>samples collected in the Northeastern, Upper Midwestern, and Far-Western United States and Canada. The spatial distribution of sequence types (STs) and inferred population boundaries suggest that the current populations are geographically separated. One major population boundary separated western<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. burgdorferi<\/jats:named-content>populations transmitted by<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Ixodes pacificus<\/jats:named-content>in California from Eastern populations transmitted by<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">I. scapularis<\/jats:named-content>; the other divided Midwestern and Northeastern populations. However, populations from all three regions were genetically closely related. Together, our findings suggest that although the contemporary populations of North American<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. burgdorferi<\/jats:named-content>now comprise three geographically separated subpopulations with no or limited gene flow among them, they arose from a common ancestral population. A comparative analysis of the<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">B. burgdorferi<\/jats:named-content>outer surface protein C (<jats:italic>ospC<\/jats:italic>) gene revealed novel linkages and provides additional insights into the genetic characteristics of strains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00231-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,24]],"date-time":"2012-06-24T00:33:51Z","timestamp":1340498031000},"page":"6059-6067","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Two Boundaries Separate Borrelia burgdorferi Populations in North America"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Margos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean I.","family":"Tsao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA"},{"name":"Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Santiago","family":"Castillo-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yvette A.","family":"Girard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Health Center, University of California, Davis, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah A.","family":"Hamer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne Gatewood","family":"Hoen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community and Family Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert S.","family":"Lane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steve L.","family":"Raper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicholas H.","family":"Ogden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoonoses Division, Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gki415"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Surveillance for Lyme disease\u2014United States, 1992-2006","volume":"57","author":"Bacon RM","year":"2008","unstructured":"BaconRM KugelerKJ MeadPS. 2008. 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