{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T18:38:29Z","timestamp":1793039909177,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,1]],"date-time":"2009-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1257033600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Staphylococcal<\/jats:italic>\n            enterotoxins (SE) can cause toxin-mediated disease, and those that function as superantigens are implicated in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. The prevalence of 19 enterotoxin genes was determined by PCR in clinical\n            <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n            strains derived from wounds (108) and blood (99). We performed\n            <jats:italic>spa<\/jats:italic>\n            typing and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) to determine clonal origin, and for selected strains staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) production was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Strains carried a median of five SE genes. For most SE genes, the prevalence rates among methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive\n            <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n            isolates, as well as wound- and blood-derived isolates, did not differ. At least one SE gene was detected in all except two\n            <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n            isolates (&gt;99%). Complete\n            <jats:italic>egc<\/jats:italic>\n            clusters were found in only 11% of\n            <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n            isolates, whereas the combination of\n            <jats:italic>sed<\/jats:italic>\n            ,\n            <jats:italic>sej<\/jats:italic>\n            , and\n            <jats:italic>ser<\/jats:italic>\n            was detected in 24% of clinical strains.\n            <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n            strains exhibited distinct combinations of SE genes, even if their pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and MLST patterns demonstrated clonality. USA300 strains also showed considerable variability in SE content, although they contained a lower number of SE genes (mean, 3). By contrast, SE content was unchanged in five pairs of serial isolates. SEB production by individual strains varied up to 200-fold, and even up to 15-fold in a pair of serial isolates. In conclusion, our results illustrate the genetic diversity of\n            <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n            strains with respect to enterotoxin genes and suggest that horizontal transfer of mobile genetic elements encoding virulence genes occurs frequently.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00272-09","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,12]],"date-time":"2009-09-12T01:27:54Z","timestamp":1252718874000},"page":"6839-6849","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["Diverse Enterotoxin Gene Profiles among Clonal Complexes of\n            <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i>\n            Isolates from the Bronx, New York"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Avanish K.","family":"Varshney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose\u0301 R.","family":"Mediavilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Research Institute, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, International Center for Public Health, Newark, New Jersey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Robiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fordham University, Bronx, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Guh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Division of Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiabo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Gialanella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Division of Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael H.","family":"Levi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Division of Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barry N.","family":"Kreiswirth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Research Institute, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, International Center for Public Health, Newark, New Jersey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bettina 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