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Sequencing of a portion of<jats:italic>sigB<\/jats:italic>, which encodes a stress-responsive alternative sigma factor, has emerged as a commonly used molecular tool for the initial characterization of diverse<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Listeria<\/jats:named-content>isolates. In this study, evolutionary approaches were used to assess the validity of<jats:italic>sigB<\/jats:italic>allelic typing for<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Listeria<\/jats:named-content>. For a data set of 4,280 isolates,<jats:italic>sigB<\/jats:italic>allelic typing showed a Simpson's index of diversity of 0.96. Analyses of 164<jats:italic>sigB<\/jats:italic>allelic types (ATs) found among the 6<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Listeria<\/jats:named-content><jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">sensu stricto<\/jats:named-content>species, representing these 4,280 isolates, indicate that neither frequent homologous recombination nor positive selection significantly contributed to the evolution of<jats:italic>sigB<\/jats:italic>, confirming its genetic stability. The molecular clock test provided evidence for unequal evolution rates across clades;<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Listeria welshimeri<\/jats:named-content>displayed the lowest<jats:italic>sigB<\/jats:italic>diversity and was the only species in which<jats:italic>sigB<\/jats:italic>evolved in a clocklike manner, implying a unique natural history. Among the four<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">L. monocytogenes<\/jats:named-content>lineages,<jats:italic>sigB<\/jats:italic>evolution followed a molecular clock only in lineage IV. Moreover,<jats:italic>sigB<\/jats:italic>displayed a significant negative Tajima<jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>value in lineage II, suggesting a recent population bottleneck followed by lineage expansion. The absence of positive selection along with the violation of the molecular clock suggested a nearly neutral mechanism of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Listeria<\/jats:named-content><jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">sensu stricto<\/jats:named-content><jats:italic>sigB<\/jats:italic>evolution. While comparison with a whole-genome sequence-based phylogeny revealed that the<jats:italic>sigB<\/jats:italic>phylogeny did not correctly reflect the ancestry of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">L. monocytogenes<\/jats:named-content>lineage IV, the availability of a large<jats:italic>sigB<\/jats:italic>AT database allowed accurate species classification.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold><jats:italic>sigB<\/jats:italic>allelic typing has been widely used for species delineation and subtyping of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Listeria<\/jats:named-content>. However, an informative evaluation of this method from an evolutionary perspective was missing. Our data indicate that the genetic stability of<jats:italic>sigB<\/jats:italic>is affected by neither frequent homologous recombination nor positive selection, which supports that<jats:italic>sigB<\/jats:italic>allelic typing provides reliable subtyping and classification of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Listeria sensu stricto<\/jats:named-content>strains. However, multigene data are required for accurate phylogeny reconstruction of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Listeria<\/jats:named-content>. This study thus contributes to a better understanding of the evolution of<jats:italic>sigB<\/jats:italic>and confirms the robustness of the<jats:italic>sigB<\/jats:italic>subtyping system for<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Listeria<\/jats:named-content>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00306-17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,8]],"date-time":"2017-04-08T00:45:25Z","timestamp":1491612325000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Genetic Stability and Evolution of the<i>sigB<\/i>Allele, Used for Listeria Sensu Stricto Subtyping and Phylogenetic Inference"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Jingqiu","family":"Liao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA"},{"name":"Graduate Field of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Wiedmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasna","family":"Kovac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511546273.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-016-7552-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-8-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/314008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2010.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000146"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-147-5-1095"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1999.215.03.369","article-title":"Molecular investigation of a listeriosis outbreak in goats caused by an unusual strain of Listeria monocytogenes","volume":"215","author":"Wiedmann M","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wiedmann M MobiniS ColeJR Jr WatsonCK JeffersGT BoorKJ. 1999. 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