{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T17:47:06Z","timestamp":1785433626604,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758067200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Choline-O-sulfate (COS) and choline are ubiquitous in the environment, and diverse bacteria catabolize them into glycine betaine for osmoprotection or as a carbon and\/or nitrogen source. The characterized\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bet<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes involved in COS and choline catabolism are usually clustered in the genome with one regulatory gene,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">betI<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Here, we report a novel regulatory mechanism of COS and choline catabolism by two BetIs in the model marine Roseobacter group bacterium\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Ruegeria pomeroyi<\/jats:italic>\n                      DSS-3. The insertion of two unrelated genes divided the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">R. pomeroyi<\/jats:italic>\n                      DSS-3\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bet<\/jats:italic>\n                      cluster into two parts, with each part having its own regulatory\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">betI<\/jats:italic>\n                      . BetI1 deregulates the transcription of the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">betI1-betC<\/jats:italic>\n                      operon and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">betB<\/jats:italic>\n                      in the presence of choline. COS and choline induce the transcription of the structural genes while repressing the regulatory gene of the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">betI2-betTA<\/jats:italic>\n                      divergon. Two palindromes with one shared flanking sequence in the intergenic fragment of this divergon are recognized by BetI2. The affinities of BetI2 to these two\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">betI2 boxes<\/jats:italic>\n                      are fine-tuned by the binding of the effector choline. Bioinformatic analysis indicated that two\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">betIs<\/jats:italic>\n                      exist widely in members of Alphaproteobacteria. This study elucidates a novel regulatory pattern of COS and choline catabolism in abundant bacteria.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        Choline and its sulfonium analog choline-O-sulfate (COS) are ubiquitous, and their catabolism by the bacterial choline-to-glycine betaine pathway generates a potent osmoprotectant, glycine betaine, and also provides carbon and nitrogen sources. In contrast to previously characterized modes executed by one regulatory BetI, in this study, we elucidate a novel regulatory mechanism of COS and choline catabolism by two BetIs in the model marine Roseobacter group bacterium\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Ruegeria pomeroyi<\/jats:italic>\n                        DSS-3. The two BetIs control distinct steps of COS and choline catabolism and respond differently to osmotic stress. This study indicates that the two BetIs regulatory mode is a long-overlooked mechanism adopted by abundant bacteria.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00333-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T13:02:31Z","timestamp":1755090151000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Novel regulatory mechanism of choline-O-sulfate and choline catabolism by two BetIs in Alphaproteobacteria"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Jia-Rong","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04rdtx186","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"MOE Key Laboratory of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of 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