{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T19:09:56Z","timestamp":1791832196739,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2021-NR061314, RS-2025-00553906, RS-2022-NR067350"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2021-NR061314, RS-2025-00553906, RS-2022-NR067350"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Microbial homeostasis is maintained by the antagonistic capacity of commensal bacteria against cariogenic pathogens. In the oral cavity, commensal\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , dominant colonizers of the tooth surface, can produce hydrogen peroxide (H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), modulating virulent cross-kingdom biofilm formation. To investigate their ecological role, clinical isolates from dental plaque were compared with reference strains, including\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Streptococcus oralis<\/jats:italic>\n                      ATCC 35037 and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. oralis<\/jats:italic>\n                      subsp.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">tigurinus<\/jats:italic>\n                      J22 to determine their H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      -producing capabilities. The antagonistic potential of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. oralis<\/jats:italic>\n                      against\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Streptococcus mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      was evaluated using microbial and biochemical assessments. In a saliva-coated hydroxyapatite disc model,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. oralis<\/jats:italic>\n                      strains were co-cultured with\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      . A high H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      -producing\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. oralis<\/jats:italic>\n                      J22 inhibited EPS formation in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                      and yeast-to-hypha transition in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      , thereby reducing EPS-mediated bacterial\u2013fungal cell colocalization. Time-lapse confocal imaging revealed that\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. oralis<\/jats:italic>\n                      J22 dominated the biofilm through H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      -mediated antagonistic interactions. In contrast, the inhibitory effect of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. oralis<\/jats:italic>\n                      strains lacking the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">spxB<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene on cross-kingdom biofilms was significantly reduced. These data provide ecological insights into how physicochemical properties of early colonizing commensals shape the structure and virulence of cross-kingdom oral biofilm through antimicrobial-mediated antagonistic activity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        The co-existence of\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                        and\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                        accelerates the development of severe early childhood caries, particularly under frequent sucrose exposure. This study demonstrates that early colonizing and antimicrobial-producing oral commensal bacteria can disrupt these pathogenic interactions by modulating their physicochemical associations. These findings highlight the potential of enhancing commensal bacteria as part of novel caries prevention strategies. Further characterization of the functional oral microbiota, especially clinically relevant oral commensals, could advance the development of diagnostic biomarkers and microbiome-targeted therapeutics to prevent painful and costly oral diseases.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00333-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T13:00:20Z","timestamp":1779282020000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["H\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    O\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    -producing commensal streptococci disrupt\n                    <i>Streptococcus mutans\u2013Candida albicans<\/i>\n                    synergism"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"Hongfei","family":"Shao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05q92br09","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bioscience, Jeonbuk National University","place":["Jeonju, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanyeol","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05q92br09","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bioscience, Jeonbuk National University","place":["Jeonju, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian-Na","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05q92br09","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of 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