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In this study, we domesticated\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bacillus velezensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      XY40-1 along an acid resistance gradient, resulting in a strain capable of growth at pH 4, and might adapt to acidic environments by regulating genes related to spore formation. Notably, the domesticated\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bacillus velezensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      XY40-1 exhibits significant antagonistic activity against\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Colletotrichum capsici<\/jats:italic>\n                      in acidic dual cultures and effectively reduces the disease index in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Capsicum<\/jats:italic>\n                      . The domesticated strain employs a direct antifungal strategy under acidic conditions, with the production of amylocyclicin, regulated by\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">acnA<\/jats:italic>\n                      , potentially serving as a primary mechanism through which\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bacillus velezensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      combats\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Colletotrichum capsici<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Conversely, under neutral conditions, domesticated\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bacillus velezensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      focuses on bolstering its defense mechanisms by increasing the expression of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">katA<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ahpF<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ahpC<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes to detoxify peroxides. In addition, a dual RNA-Seq analysis comprehensively investigated the acid tolerance mechanisms and defensive responses of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. velezensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and the pathogenic mechanisms of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. capsici<\/jats:italic>\n                      , providing a foundation for the practical application of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. velezensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      as a biocontrol agent. These findings offer important insights into the impact of soil acidification on plant disease suppression and contribute to the development of sustainable agricultural practices.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Recently, the increasing issue of soil acidification has worsened anthracnose disease in Capsicum, caused by\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Colletotrichum capsici<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Our study demonstrated that\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bacillus velezensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      can effectively inhibit the growth of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Colletotrichum capsici<\/jats:italic>\n                      . However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the interaction between\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bacillus velezensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Colletotrichum capsici<\/jats:italic>\n                      remain largely unexplored. Here, we developed an interaction system between\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bacillus velezensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Colletotrichum capsici<\/jats:italic>\n                      to explore their dynamic relationship. By employing dual RNA-Seq methods, we were able to comprehensively investigate the acid tolerance mechanisms and defense responses of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bacillus velezensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , alongside the pathogenic mechanisms of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Colletotrichum capsici<\/jats:italic>\n                      . This establishes the groundwork for utilizing\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bacillus velezensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      as an effective biocontrol agent in agriculture.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00340-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T09:00:38Z","timestamp":1750669238000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Acid-resistant\n                    <i>Bacillus velezensis<\/i>\n                    effectively controls pathogenic\n                    <i>Colletotrichum capsici<\/i>\n                    and improves plant health through metabolic 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