{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T15:10:20Z","timestamp":1790781020494,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]],"date-time":"2024-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/ASMCopyrightv2"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]],"date-time":"2024-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724198400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"MOST | National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2222083"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2222083"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"MOST | National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32072824"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32072824"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF","award":["GZC20230952"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GZC20230952"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:italic>Aerococcus viridans<\/jats:italic>\n              (\n              <jats:italic>A. viridans<\/jats:italic>\n              ) is an important opportunistic zoonotic pathogen that poses a potential threat to the animal husbandry industry, such as cow mastitis, due to the widespread development of multidrug-resistant strains. Phage lysins have emerged as a promising alternative antibiotic treatment strategy. However, no lysins have been reported to treat\n              <jats:italic>A. viridans<\/jats:italic>\n              infections. In this study, the critical active domain and key active sites of the first\n              <jats:italic>A. viridans<\/jats:italic>\n              phage lysin AVPL were revealed. AVPL consists of an N-terminal N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase catalytic domain and a C-terminal binding domain comprising two conserved LysM. H40, N44, E52, W68, H147, T157, F60, F64, I77, N92, Q97, H159, V160, D161, and S42 were identified as key sites for maintaining the activity of the catalytic domain. The LysM motif plays a crucial role in binding AVPL to bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan. AVPL maintains stable activity in the temperature range of 4\u201345\u00b0C and pH range of 4\u201310, and its activity is independent of the presence of metal ions.\n              <jats:italic>In vitro,<\/jats:italic>\n              the bactericidal effect of AVPL showed efficient bactericidal activity in milk samples, with 2 \u00b5g\/mL of AVPL reducing\n              <jats:italic>A. viridans<\/jats:italic>\n              by approximately 2 Log\n              <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n              in 1 h. Furthermore, a single dose (25 \u00b5g) of lysin AVPL significantly reduces bacterial load (approximately 2 Log\n              <jats:sub>10)<\/jats:sub>\n              in the mammary gland of mice, improves mastitis pathology, and reduces the concentration of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, and IL-6) in mammary tissue. Overall, this work provides a novel alternative therapeutic drug for mastitis induced by multidrug-resistant\n              <jats:italic>A. viridans<\/jats:italic>\n              .\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:italic>A. viridans<\/jats:italic>\n              is a zoonotic pathogen known to cause various diseases, including mastitis in dairy cows. In recent years, there has been an increase in antibiotic-resistant or multidrug-resistant strains of this pathogen. Phage lysins are an effective approach to treating infections caused by multidrug-resistant strains. This study revealed the biological properties and key active sites of the first\n              <jats:italic>A. viridans<\/jats:italic>\n              phage lysin named AVPL. AVPL can effectively kill multidrug-resistant\n              <jats:italic>A. viridans<\/jats:italic>\n              in pasteurized whole milk. Importantly, 25 \u03bcg AVPL significantly alleviates the symptoms of mouse mastitis induced by\n              <jats:italic>A. viridans<\/jats:italic>\n              . Overall, our results demonstrate the potential of lysin AVPL as an antimicrobial agent for the treatment of mastitis caused by\n              <jats:italic>A. viridans<\/jats:italic>\n              .\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00461-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]],"date-time":"2024-07-16T13:03:01Z","timestamp":1721134981000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Biological characterization of the phage lysin AVPL and its efficiency against\n            <i>Aerococcus viridans<\/i>\n            -induced mastitis in a murine model"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Hengyu","family":"Xi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, 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