{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T06:19:38Z","timestamp":1790144378540,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,1]],"date-time":"2006-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1154390400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Samples of sewage influent from 40 sewage treatment works (STW) throughout Norway were examined for\n            <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n            oocysts and\n            <jats:italic>Giardia duodenalis<\/jats:italic>\n            cysts. Both parasites were detected frequently (80% of STW were\n            <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n            positive; 93% of STW were\n            <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>\n            positive) and at maximum concentrations of &gt;20,000 parasites\/liter. The data suggest giardiasis is more widespread, and\/or occurs with greater infection intensity, than cryptosporidiosis in Norway. STW serving higher person equivalents were more likely to be positive and had higher parasite concentrations. Parasite concentrations were used to estimate the proportion of contributing populations that could be clinically infected. For\n            <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n            , the highest estimates were up to 5 per 100,000 individuals for two populations in eastern Norway. For\n            <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>\n            , the highest estimate was 40 infected per 100,000 persons (approximately five times the usual national annual average) contributing to an STW in western Norway. As this population experienced a large waterborne giardiasis outbreak 6 months after sampling, it can be speculated that regular challenge with\n            <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>\n            may occur here. Most\n            <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>\n            isolates in sewage influent were assemblage A, although some assemblage B isolates were detected. There was substantial heterogeneity, but most samples contained isolates similar to genotype A3. Removal efficiencies at two STW with secondary treatment processes were estimated to be approximately 50% for\n            <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n            and &gt;80% for\n            <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>\n            . An STW with minimal treatment had negligible removal of both parasites. Many STW in Norway have minimal treatment and discharge effluent into rivers and lakes, thus, risk of contamination of water courses by\n            <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>\n            is considerable.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00464-06","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,2]],"date-time":"2006-08-02T23:53:37Z","timestamp":1154562817000},"page":"5297-5303","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":114,"title":["Occurrence of\n            <i>Cryptosporidium<\/i>\n            Oocysts and\n            <i>Giardia<\/i>\n            Cysts in Sewage in Norway"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"L. J.","family":"Robertson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, 0033 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Hermansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, 0033 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B. K.","family":"Gjerde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, 0033 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.69.6.3393-3398.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(02)00068-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.58.11.3488-3493.1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"670","volume":"62","year":"1990","unstructured":"Casson, L. W., C. A. Sorber, J. L. Sykora, P. D. Gavaghan, M. A. Shapiro, and W. Jakubowski. 1990. Giardia in wastewater\u2014effect of treatment. Water Poll. Control Fed. Res. J.62:670-675.","journal-title":"Water Poll. Control Fed. Res. J."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/w99-001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(01)00183-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3284315"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","unstructured":"Norwegian Surveillance System for Communicable Diseases. [Online.] http:\/\/www.msis.no\n."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","unstructured":"Meldingssystem for Smittsomme Sykdommer 2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","first-page":"3406","volume":"123","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nyg\u00e5rd, K., L. Vold, L. Robertson, and J. Lassen. 2003. Are domestic Cryptosporidium and Giardia infections in Norway underdiagnosed? Tidsskr. Nor. L\u00e6geforen.123:3406-3409. (In Norwegian.)","journal-title":"Tidsskr. Nor. L\u00e6geforen."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2004.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.59.1.67-73.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.72.3.2218-2220.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","unstructured":"Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.72.3.2212-2217.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(99)00408-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","first-page":"47","year":"1995","unstructured":"Robertson, L. J., H. V. Smith, and C. A. Paton. 1995. Occurrence of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in sewage influent in six sewage treatment plants in Scotland and prevalence of cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis in the communities served by those plants, p. 47-49. In W. B. Betts, D. Casemore, C. Fricker, H. Smith, and J. Watkins (ed.), Protozoan parasites and water. The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, United Kingdom.","journal-title":"Protozoan parasites and water"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","first-page":"128","year":"1994","unstructured":"Smith, H. V., L. J. Robertson, D. Reay, and C. J. Young. 1994. Occurrence of Giardia cysts in raw and treated sewage in relation to prevalence of giardiasis in a Scottish community, p. 128-129. In R. C. A. Thompson, J. A. Reynoldson, and A. J. Lymberry (ed.), Giardia: from molecules to disease, chapter 8. CAB International, Wallingford, United Kingdom.","journal-title":"Giardia: from molecules to disease, chapter 8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1097(97)00115-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.6.3776-3780.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","unstructured":"Tveit I. \u00d8. S\u00f8bstad I. Kalland A. Seim R. \u00d8. Arnesen and P. Fennell. 2005. Giardia-utbruddet i Bergen. Bergen Kommune og Mattilsynet Norge. [Online.] http:\/\/www.bergen.kommune.no\/info\/\n."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1997. Method 1622: Cryptosporidium in water by filtration\/IMS\/FA DRAFT. Publication no. EPA-821-R-97-023. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Washington D.C."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","first-page":"35","volume":"105","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wiandt, S., A. M. Grimason, B. Baleux, and J. Bontoux. 2000. Efficiency of wastewater treatment plants at removing Giardia sp. cysts in southern France. Schriftenr. Wasser Boden Lufthyg.105:35-42.","journal-title":"Schriftenr. 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