{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T04:00:59Z","timestamp":1791259259110,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,15]],"date-time":"2014-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1405382400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The genomes of 10\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Aeromonas<\/jats:named-content>\n            isolates identified and designated\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Aeromonas hydrophila<\/jats:named-content>\n            WI, Riv3, and NF1 to NF4;\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">A. dhakensis<\/jats:named-content>\n            SSU;\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">A. jandaei<\/jats:named-content>\n            Riv2; and\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">A. caviae<\/jats:named-content>\n            NM22 and NM33 were sequenced and annotated. Isolates NF1 to NF4 were from a patient with necrotizing fasciitis (NF). Two environmental isolates (Riv2 and -3) were from the river water from which the NF patient acquired the infection. While isolates NF2 to NF4 were clonal, NF1 was genetically distinct. Outside the conserved core genomes of these 10 isolates, several unique genomic features were identified. The most virulent strains possessed one of the following four virulence factors or a combination of them: cytotoxic enterotoxin, exotoxin A, and type 3 and 6 secretion system effectors AexU and Hcp. In a septicemic-mouse model, SSU, NF1, and Riv2 were the most virulent, while NF2 was moderately virulent. These data correlated with high motility and biofilm formation by the former three isolates. Conversely, in a mouse model of intramuscular infection, NF2 was much more virulent than NF1. Isolates NF2, SSU, and Riv2 disseminated in high numbers from the muscular tissue to the visceral organs of mice, while NF1 reached the liver and spleen in relatively lower numbers on the basis of colony counting and tracking of bioluminescent strains in real time by\n            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            imaging. Histopathologically, degeneration of myofibers with significant infiltration of polymorphonuclear cells due to the highly virulent strains was noted. Functional genomic analysis provided data that allowed us to correlate the highly infectious nature of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Aeromonas<\/jats:named-content>\n            pathotypes belonging to several different species with virulence signatures and their potential ability to cause NF.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00486-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,3]],"date-time":"2014-05-03T01:41:16Z","timestamp":1399081276000},"page":"4162-4183","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Functional Genomic Characterization of Virulence Factors from Necrotizing Fasciitis-Causing Strains of Aeromonas hydrophila"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Grim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena V.","family":"Kozlova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duraisamy","family":"Ponnusamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric C.","family":"Fitts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Sha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle L.","family":"Kirtley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina J.","family":"van Lier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bethany L.","family":"Tiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatiana E.","family":"Erova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandeep J.","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy D.","family":"Read","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua R.","family":"Shak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sam W.","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"Maryland Institute of Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ed","family":"Singletary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctors Hospital, Augusta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracy","family":"Felland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mercy Hospital and Trauma Center, Janesville, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wallace B.","family":"Baze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, M. 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