{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T19:13:47Z","timestamp":1790795627538,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750204800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750204800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42477248, 52200041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42477248, 52200041"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Pioneer Hundred Talents Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences"},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation for Excellent Young Scholars of Liaoning Province","award":["2024JH3\/10200025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024JH3\/10200025"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation Joint Program of Liaoning Province","award":["2024-MSLH-069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-MSLH-069"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Electron transfer is essential for the production efficiency of value-added products in anaerobic fermentation, such as butanol and ethanol as biofuels, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) including butyric acid and acetic acid as platform chemicals. Electron mediators (EMs), also known as electron shuttles, can facilitate electron transfer to counter irreversible or slow redox reactions that limit fermentation. The addition of EMs has been shown to be an effective strategy to promote fermentation by various bacteria, particularly\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Clostridium<\/jats:italic>\n                      species, for these valuable product syntheses. This paper reviews recent advancements in the application of exogenous electron mediators (EEMs) across various scenarios. Common EEM types, their characteristics, and mechanisms are summarized, and different application scenarios are discussed to elucidate the effect of EEMs. Key technical challenges and future directions for EEM application are also explored.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00495-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]],"date-time":"2025-05-12T09:00:36Z","timestamp":1747040436000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Application of exogenous electron mediator in fermentation to enhance the production of value-added products"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"91","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5148-5206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yingxuan","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03dbpdh75","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Liaoning Engineering Research Center for Treatment and Recycling of Industrially Discharged Heavy Metals, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology","place":["Shenyang, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Shenyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongliang","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03dbpdh75","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Liaoning Engineering Research Center for Treatment and Recycling of Industrially Discharged Heavy Metals, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology","place":["Shenyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8062-0979","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Weiming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Shenyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengyang","family":"Bian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03dbpdh75","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Liaoning Engineering Research Center for Treatment and Recycling of Industrially Discharged Heavy Metals, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology","place":["Shenyang, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Shenyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9764-3525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chi","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/023hj5876","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"MOE Key Laboratory of Bio-Intelligent Manufacturing, Engineering Research Center of Application and Transformation for Synthetic Biology, School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology","place":["Dalian, China"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05n8tts92","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of Technology","place":["Ningbo, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yimei","family":"Xi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Shenyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuhua","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03dbpdh75","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Liaoning Engineering Research Center for Treatment and Recycling of Industrially Discharged Heavy Metals, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology","place":["Shenyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7003-8440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiangfeng","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Shenyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongfeng","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Shenyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2020.122778"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2023.113638"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-378630-2.00282-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.139225"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.24520"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2020.123088"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152498"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2023.145997"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2015.01.045"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2024.143035"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2021.10.137"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2023.06.253"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2015.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121905"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2018.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioelechem.2024.108694"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01342-16"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2008.11.070"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2022.127928"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11783-023-1735-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-017-8533-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/07388551.2013.823594"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.14640"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.131426"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2021.115118"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.16.6.859"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-4686(99)00046-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2023.119286"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.27602"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbt.2012.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bej.2014.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2015.06.037"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-020-2801-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.6.3467-3474.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1134\/S1064229321120164"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2018.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2023.138066"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.126611"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.0c04109"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es500906d"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2019.122524"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2021.126422"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.148206"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.25489"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","unstructured":"Zakrzewski JSZ. 1987. Enhanced butanol fermentation."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2011.12.040"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002530050647"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2015.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.26963"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2018.05.106"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2019.122141"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.201800784"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2021.07.128"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-011-3571-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2020.123981"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.113005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2017.06.182"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2023.103183"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2021.125097"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00134624"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.128770"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2021.105990"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2023.113502"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11157-017-9431-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-011-3577-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b00200"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2018.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2016.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2016.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.21671"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4109(200207)14:13<913::AID-ELAN913>3.0.CO;2-N"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.181.8.2403-2410.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es062772m"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioelechem.2019.107333"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2021.121124"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2017.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.98.1.51-55.1969"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.142022"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-021-02709-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1134\/S1023193510120116"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enzmictec.2016.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2014.11.089"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioelechem.2022.108270"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11368-018-02235-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es0624321"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01019-22"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2011.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02130-16"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymben.2008.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.1995.tb00163.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10295-018-2068-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2022.125708"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2010.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catcom.2004.11.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(01)00480-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.34831"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02857-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2012.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00449-015-1508-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c00141"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-017-1755-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5937\/33ah-46829"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e07021"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/celc.202200216"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2021.101035"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5620\/eaht.2022012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.13439"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10071-23306"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2017.01.081"}],"container-title":["Applied and Environmental Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/aem.00495-25","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/aem.00495-25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T09:02:14Z","timestamp":1750237334000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/aem.00495-25"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Isaac","family":"Cann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]]},"references-count":110,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/aem.00495-25"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aem.00495-25","relation":{},"ISSN":["0099-2240","1098-5336"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0099-2240","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5336","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-05-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e00495-25"}}