{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T04:03:46Z","timestamp":1791950626228,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,1]],"date-time":"2018-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530403200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"HHS | National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 TW009504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 TW009504"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"HHS | National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 AI0088752"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 AI0088752"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"HHS | National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AI052473"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI052473"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006366","name":"Minist\u00e9rio da Educa\u00e7\u00e3o","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CAPES-BEX 13715\/13-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAPES-BEX 13715\/13-5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006366","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Leptospira interrogans<\/jats:named-content>\n            is the etiological agent of leptospirosis, a globally distributed zoonotic disease. Human infection usually occurs through skin exposure with water and soil contaminated with the urine of chronically infected animals. In this study, we aimed to quantitatively characterize the survival of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Leptospira interrogans<\/jats:named-content>\n            serovar Copenhageni in environmental matrices. We constructed laboratory microcosms to simulate natural conditions and determined the persistence of DNA markers in soil, mud, spring water and sewage using a quantitative PCR (qPCR) and a propidium monoazide (PMA)-qPCR assay. We found that\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">L. interrogans<\/jats:named-content>\n            does not survive at high concentrations in the tested matrices. No net growth was detected in any of the experimental conditions and in all cases the concentration of the DNA markers targeted decreased from the beginning of the experiment following an exponential decay with a decreasing decay rate over time. After 12 and 21 days of incubation the spiked concentration of 10\n            <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">L. interrogans<\/jats:named-content>\n            cells\/ml or g decreased to approximately 100 cells\/ml or g in soil and spring water microcosms, respectively. Furthermore, culturable\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">L. interrogans<\/jats:named-content>\n            persisted at concentrations under the limit of detection by PMA-qPCR or qPCR for at least 16 days in soil and 28 days in spring water. Altogether, our findings suggest that the environment is not a multiplication reservoir but a temporary carrier of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">L. interrogans<\/jats:named-content>\n            Copenhageni, although the observed prolonged persistence at low concentrations may still enable the transmission of the disease.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n            Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by spirochetes of the genus\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Leptospira<\/jats:named-content>\n            that primarily affects impoverished populations worldwide. Although leptospirosis is transmitted by contact with water and soil, little is known about the ability of the pathogen to survive in the environment. In this study, we quantitatively characterized the survival of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">L. interrogans<\/jats:named-content>\n            in environmental microcosms and found that although it cannot multiply in water, soil or sewage, it survives for extended time periods (days to weeks depending on the matrix). The survival parameters obtained here may help to better understand the distribution of pathogenic\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Leptospira<\/jats:named-content>\n            in the environment and improve the predictions of human infection risks in areas where such infections are endemic.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00507-18","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,27]],"date-time":"2018-04-27T10:26:09Z","timestamp":1524824769000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":117,"title":["Quantification of Leptospira interrogans Survival in Soil and Water Microcosms"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Arnau","family":"Casanovas-Massana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel Ghizzi","family":"Pedra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Integrative Biology, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Elsio A.","family":"Wunder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Diggle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mike","family":"Begon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Integrative Biology, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert I.","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"},{"name":"Centro de Pesquisas Gon\u00e7alo Moniz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003898"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2208"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020377"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002798"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)80012-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004405"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2009.02310.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01190-17"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/82.3.256"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","first-page":"35","article-title":"The effect of pH on the survival of leptospires in water","volume":"24","author":"Smith CE","year":"1961","unstructured":"Smith CE, Turner LH. 1961. 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