{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T01:54:39Z","timestamp":1791251679430,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,15]],"date-time":"2015-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1434326400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The human gut is host to a diversity of microorganisms, including the single-celled microbial eukaryote\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Blastocystis.<\/jats:named-content>\n            Research has shown that most carriers host a single\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Blastocystis<\/jats:named-content>\n            subtype (ST), which is unusual given the considerable within-host species diversity observed for other microbial genera in this ecosystem. However, our limited knowledge of both the incidence and biological significance of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Blastocystis<\/jats:named-content>\n            diversity within hosts (i.e., so-called mixed infections) is likely due to problems with existing methodologies. Here, we developed and applied\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Blastocystis<\/jats:named-content>\n            ST-specific PCRs for the investigation of the most common subtypes of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Blastocystis<\/jats:named-content>\n            (ST1 to ST4) to a healthy human cohort (\n            <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n            = 50). We detected mixed infections in 22% of the cases, all of which had been identified as single-ST infections in a previous study using state-of-the-art methods. Our results show that certain STs occur predominantly as either single (ST3 and 4) or mixed (ST1) infections, which may reflect\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">inter alia<\/jats:named-content>\n            transient colonization patterns and\/or cooperative or competitive interactions between different STs. Comparative analyses with other primers that have been used extensively for ST-specific analysis found them unsuitable for detection of mixed- and, in some cases, single-ST infections. Collectively, our data shed new light on the diversity of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Blastocystis<\/jats:named-content>\n            within and between human hosts. Moreover, the development of these PCR assays will facilitate future work on the molecular epidemiology and significance of mixed infections in groups of interest, including health and disease cohorts, and also help identify sources of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Blastocystis<\/jats:named-content>\n            transmission to humans, including identifying potential animal and environmental reservoirs.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00520-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,4]],"date-time":"2015-04-04T01:15:22Z","timestamp":1428110122000},"page":"4071-4076","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Development and Application of a Blastocystis Subtype-Specific PCR Assay Reveals that Mixed-Subtype Infections Are Common in a Healthy Human Population"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Pauline D.","family":"Scanlan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland"},{"name":"Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1417-7048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christen Rune","family":"Stensvold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul D.","family":"Cotter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland"},{"name":"Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2011.00153"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6976.12075"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/380398a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2012.12.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.protis.2013.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2008.76"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01392-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2012.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-5070.113896"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-164"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-389"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6941.12396"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-009-0073-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2013.21"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00022-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02541-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.protis.2005.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2012.05.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-003-0995-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11319"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.03353-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","first-page":"95","article-title":"BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95\/98\/NT","volume":"41","author":"Hall T","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hall T. 1999. BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95\/98\/NT. Nucleic Acids Symp Ser 41:95\u201398.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Symp Ser"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-407706-5.00001-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-4749-6-17"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-011-2665-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-012-3085-5"}],"container-title":["Applied and Environmental Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AEM.00520-15","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AEM.00520-15","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T02:54:37Z","timestamp":1645584877000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/AEM.00520-15"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"M. W.","family":"Griffiths","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,15]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,15]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/AEM.00520-15"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aem.00520-15","relation":{},"ISSN":["0099-2240","1098-5336"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0099-2240","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5336","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2015-02-16","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-03-31","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-05-21","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}