{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T11:01:17Z","timestamp":1785841277515,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,15]],"date-time":"2015-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1436918400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Giardia<\/jats:named-content>is the most common parasitic cause of gastrointestinal infections worldwide, with transmission through surface water playing an important role in various parts of the world.<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Giardia duodenalis<\/jats:named-content>(synonyms:<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">G. intestinalis<\/jats:named-content>and<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">G. lamblia<\/jats:named-content>), a multispecies complex, has two zoonotic subtypes, assemblages A and B. When British Columbia (BC), a western Canadian province, experienced several waterborne giardiasis outbreaks due to unfiltered surface drinking water in the late 1980s, collection of isolates from surface water, as well as from humans and beavers (<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Castor canadensis<\/jats:named-content>), throughout the province was carried out. To better understand<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Giardia<\/jats:named-content>in surface water, 71 isolates, including 29 from raw surface water samples, 29 from human giardiasis cases, and 13 from beavers in watersheds from this historical library were characterized by PCR. Study isolates also included isolates from waterborne giardiasis outbreaks. Both assemblages A and B were identified in surface water, human, and beavers samples, including a mixture of both assemblages A and B in waterborne outbreaks. PCR results were confirmed by whole-genome sequencing (WGS) for one waterborne outbreak and supported the clustering of human, water, and beaver isolates within both assemblages. We concluded that contamination of surface water by<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Giardia<\/jats:named-content>is complex, that the majority of our surface water isolates were assemblage B, and that both assemblages A and B may cause waterborne outbreaks. The higher-resolution data provided by WGS warrants further study to better understand the spread of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Giardia<\/jats:named-content>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00524-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,9]],"date-time":"2015-05-09T02:21:51Z","timestamp":1431138111000},"page":"4827-4834","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Giardia spp. Are Commonly Found in Mixed Assemblages in Surface Water, as Revealed by Molecular and Whole-Genome Characterization"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Natalie","family":"Prystajecky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"},{"name":"British Columbia Public Health Microbiology and Reference Laboratory, Provincial Health Services Authority, Vancouver, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clement K.-M.","family":"Tsui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William W. L.","family":"Hsiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"},{"name":"British Columbia Public Health Microbiology and Reference Laboratory, Provincial Health Services Authority, Vancouver, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel I.","family":"Uyaguari-Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordan","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Public Health Microbiology and Reference Laboratory, Provincial Health Services Authority, Vancouver, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"},{"name":"British Columbia Public Health Microbiology and Reference Laboratory, Provincial Health Services Authority, Vancouver, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Isaac-Renton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"},{"name":"British Columbia Public Health Microbiology and Reference Laboratory, Provincial Health Services Authority, Vancouver, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00033-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00127-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3284485"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evt197"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","volume-title":"The Canadian population in 2011: population counts and growth","author":"Statistics Canada","year":"2012","unstructured":"Statistics Canada. 2012. 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