{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T13:59:59Z","timestamp":1790171999742,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01AI128792"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01AI128792"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000308","name":"Carnegie Corporation of New York","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Development of Emerging Academic Leaders in Africa"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Development of Emerging Academic Leaders in Africa"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000308","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009781","name":"Australian Centre for HIV and Hepatitis Virology Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Australian National Health and Medical Research Council","award":["APP1195837"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1195837"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/011kf5r70","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Joe White Bequest"},{"name":"National Research Foundation of South Africa","award":["RCA13101054658"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RCA13101054658"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      HIV remains among the world\u2019s most serious healthcare challenges, with adolescent girls and young women in sub-Saharan Africa at particularly high risk of infection. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a key risk factor for HIV acquisition; however, current treatment strategies are limited. Optimal vaginal lactobacilli protect against BV and HIV, largely through immunoregulatory and antimicrobial activities mediated in part by lactic acid. Toward the development of a live biotherapeutic for African women, we sampled 181 isolates of vaginal lactobacilli from 25 BV-negative South African women. Fifty isolates were selected for evaluation of inflammatory responses using vaginal epithelial cells, D- and L-lactate, lactic acid production, and culture acidification. Aside from a single\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Ligilactobacillus salivarius<\/jats:italic>\n                      strain,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Lactobacillus crispatus<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates acidified the culture media the most and produced the most D- and L-lactic acid. Inflammatory cytokine responses to different strains of lactobacilli were variable, with\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Lb. crispatus<\/jats:italic>\n                      eliciting the lowest levels of cytokine production, while some strains induced substantial inflammatory responses. When all properties were evaluated collectively,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Lb. crispatus<\/jats:italic>\n                      strains exhibited the most desirable biotherapeutic characteristics. Whole genome sequence analysis of 10\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Lb. crispatus<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates led to the identification of putative bacteriocins and intact prophage sequences in all isolates, while no antimicrobial resistance elements were detected. Importantly, the majority of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Lb. crispatus<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates were more closely related to one another than to isolates from other geographical regions. This supports the need for live biotherapeutics to be tailored for the population of intended use.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        HIV remains highly prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly among adolescent girls and young women. Bacterial vaginosis (BV), characterized by the loss of protective lactobacilli, affects approximately one in four women in this region and increases HIV susceptibility. However, effective and durable therapeutics are lacking. Live biotherapeutics containing beneficial lactobacilli represent a promising treatment strategy, yet there are no approved products including strains isolated from African women, despite well-established geographic variation in vaginal microbiome composition. Through the characterization of 50 vaginal\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                        ,\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Limosilactobacillus,<\/jats:italic>\n                        and\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Ligilactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                        strains from 25 BV-negative South African women, we demonstrate substantial strain-level variation in live biotherapeutic-relevant properties. Some isolates produced minimal lactic acid or induced marked inflammatory responses, highlighting the importance of rigorous strain selection. Notably, whole genome sequencing revealed that South African\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Lactobacillus crispatus<\/jats:italic>\n                        strains had distinct genomes compared to isolates from other regions, providing evidence that vaginal live biotherapeutics should be tailored to the populations of intended use.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00566-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T13:35:23Z","timestamp":1787319323000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characterization of vaginal lactobacilli from South African women toward the development of a biotherapeutic to optimize the vaginal 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