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Coccidioides<\/jats:italic>\n                      is commonly detected in and cultivated from the lung tissue of native rodents and the soils within their burrows. Coccidioidomycosis is acquired by exposure to environmentally produced spores and is not spread between hosts. Thus, determining the location of rodent burrows with soils harboring\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Coccidioides<\/jats:italic>\n                      will be critical for understanding coccidioidomycosis incidence and modeling how\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Coccidioides<\/jats:italic>\n                      distributions will be affected by global change.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Coccidioides<\/jats:italic>\n                      is readily detected in rodent burrows on undisturbed land, has not been detected on agricultural land, and is unstudied on urban land. To test the hypothesis that\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Coccidioides<\/jats:italic>\n                      is in urban soil, we sampled rodent burrow soils from the banks of two waterways, the Kern River and Los Gatos Creek, which transect two cities, Bakersfield and Coalinga, in the San Joaquin Valley of California. To test the hypothesis that\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Coccidioides<\/jats:italic>\n                      would not be detected at higher elevations, we extended our sampling of rodent burrows along waterways into the mountains of California. From 1,178 soil and settled dust samples, we find that\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Coccidioides<\/jats:italic>\n                      is found in urban riparian environments in Bakersfield and Coalinga, on riparian land on the floor of the San Joaquin Valley, but not at higher elevations, and is negatively correlated with modeled soil moisture.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Coccidioides<\/jats:italic>\n                      shows significant co-occurrence patterns with animal-associated fungal taxa but no broader relationships with the greater fungal community. Our results warrant caution when excavating urban rodent burrows in the region.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        This study demonstrates that\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Coccidioides<\/jats:italic>\n                        is present in urban riparian corridors within major population centers in California\u2019s San Joaquin Valley. By analyzing 1,178 soil and dust samples, we show that the pathogen exhibits strong spatial structure, occurring at low elevations, associating with drier soils, and appearing in rodent burrows within cities. In contrast to expectations for a free-living soil fungus,\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Coccidioides<\/jats:italic>\n                        shows limited association with the broader fungal community but co-occurs with taxa linked to animal-derived substrates, supporting a host-associated ecological niche. These findings identify urban waterways as underrecognized habitats for\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Coccidioides<\/jats:italic>\n                        and highlight ecological constraints on its distribution. Incorporating these factors into predictive models will improve risk mapping under changing climate and land use conditions. The results directly influence public health, indicating that disturbance of rodent burrows in urban environments may represent a previously underappreciated source of exposure.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00574-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T13:00:31Z","timestamp":1789045231000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Urban soils along the Kern River and Los Gatos Creek are hotspots for\n                    <i>Coccidioides<\/i>\n                    in the San Joaquin Valley of California"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"92","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0809-7754","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Robert","family":"Wagner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01an7q238","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley","place":["Berkeley, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liliam","family":"Montoya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01an7q238","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley","place":["Berkeley, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1703-4771","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Molly","family":"Radosevich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01an7q238","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California Berkeley","place":["Berkeley, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0223-4615","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Justin","family":"Remais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01an7q238","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California Berkeley","place":["Berkeley, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5794-7700","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"John W.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01an7q238","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley","place":["Berkeley, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2019.1589363"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.6.4-6.443"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","first-page":"585","article-title":"Un nuevo caso de micosis fungoidea con psorospermias","volume":"15","author":"Posadas A","year":"1892","unstructured":"Posadas A. 1892. 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