{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T18:35:35Z","timestamp":1792521335614,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,1]],"date-time":"2017-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1498867200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007588","name":"Washington State University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["CMV intramural grants"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMV intramural grants"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007588","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001250","name":"Morris Animal Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["D16ZO-014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D16ZO-014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001250","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Plague is a flea-borne rodent-associated zoonotic disease caused by\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Yersinia pestis<\/jats:named-content>\n            . The disease is characterized by epizootics with high rodent mortalities, punctuated by interepizootic periods when the bacterium persists in an unknown reservoir. This study investigates the interaction between\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Y. pestis<\/jats:named-content>\n            and the ubiquitous soil free-living amoeba (FLA)\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Acanthamoeba castellanii<\/jats:named-content>\n            to assess if the bacterium can survive within soil amoebae and whether intracellular mechanisms are conserved between infection of mammalian macrophages and soil amoebae. The results demonstrate that during coculture with amoebae, representative\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Y. pestis<\/jats:named-content>\n            strains of epidemic biovars Medievalis, Orientalis, and Antiqua are phagocytized and able to survive within amoebae for at least 5 days. Key\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Y. pestis<\/jats:named-content>\n            determinants of the intracellular interaction of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Y. pestis<\/jats:named-content>\n            and phagocytic macrophages, PhoP and the type three secretion system (T3SS), were then tested for their roles in the\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Y. pestis<\/jats:named-content>\n            -amoeba interaction. Consistent with a requirement for the PhoP transcriptional activator in the intracellular survival of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Y. pestis<\/jats:named-content>\n            in macrophages, a PhoP mutant is unable to survive when cocultured with amoebae. Additionally, induction of the T3SS blocks phagocytic uptake of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Y. pestis<\/jats:named-content>\n            by amoebae, similar to that which occurs during macrophage infection. Electron microscopy revealed that in\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">A. castellanii<\/jats:named-content>\n            ,\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Y. pestis<\/jats:named-content>\n            resides intact within spacious vacuoles which were characterized using lysosomal trackers as being separated from the lysosomal compartment. This evidence for prolonged survival and subversion of intracellular digestion of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Y. pestis<\/jats:named-content>\n            within FLA suggests that protozoa may serve as a protective soil reservoir for\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Y. pestis<\/jats:named-content>\n            .\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Yersinia pestis<\/jats:named-content>\n            is a reemerging flea-borne zoonotic disease. Sylvatic plague cycles are characterized by an epizootic period during which the disease spreads rapidly, causing high rodent mortality, and an interepizootic period when the bacterium quiescently persists in an unknown reservoir. An understanding of the ecology of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Y. pestis<\/jats:named-content>\n            in the context of its persistence in the environment and its reactivation to initiate a new epizootic cycle is key to implementing novel surveillance strategies to more effectively predict and prevent new disease outbreaks. Here, we demonstrate prolonged survival and subversion of intracellular digestion of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Y. pestis<\/jats:named-content>\n            within a soil free-living amoeba. This suggests the potential role for protozoa as a protective soil reservoir for\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Y. pestis<\/jats:named-content>\n            , which may help explain the recrudescence of plague epizootics.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00593-17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,29]],"date-time":"2017-04-29T00:40:33Z","timestamp":1493426433000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Yersinia pestis Resists Predation by Acanthamoeba castellanii and Exhibits Prolonged Intracellular Survival"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Javier A.","family":"Benavides-Monta\u00f1o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Paul G. 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