{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T17:10:46Z","timestamp":1785431446593,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013200","name":"Government of Alberta","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Major Innovation Fund-RCES"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Major Innovation Fund-RCES"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013200","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Discovery"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Discovery"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010785","name":"Canada First Research Excellence Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Future Energy Systems"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Future Energy Systems"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010785","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Some methanotrophs synthesize S-layers that overlay their outer membrane. Transmission electron microscopy imaging revealed that\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Methylomicrobium album<\/jats:italic>\n                      BG8 constitutively sheds abundant S-layer units, a phenotype not found in seven other methanotrophs, even though\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Methylotuvimicrobium buryatense<\/jats:italic>\n                      5GB1 produces a similar structure. The release of S-layer units occurred regardless of carbon (methane or methanol) or nitrogen (ammonium or nitrate) source, with 50\u00d7 trace metals, under copper deprivation, and at all growth phases. The released S-layer units were isolated from the culture medium of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M. album<\/jats:italic>\n                      BG8 by density gradient centrifugation for proteome analysis. The proteome revealed S-layer protein subunits, transporters for calcium uptake, including TolC and repeats-in-toxin (RTX) proteins, transporters for uptake of cobalamin and siderophores, cell wall biogenesis proteins, and proteins with Type I secretion system (T1SS) target domains.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M. album<\/jats:italic>\n                      BG8 adapted to grow at pH 4 lost its S-layer, and genome analysis revealed a frameshift mutation resulting in reduced expression of the S-layer unit gene, and an in-frame deletion mutation resulting in almost no expression of an S-layer-associated porin gene. Together, the results suggest that the biogenesis and secretion of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M. album<\/jats:italic>\n                      BG8 S-layer is mediated by its associated T1SS, the S-layer possesses metal acquisition functions, and low pH adaptation of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M. album<\/jats:italic>\n                      BG8 results in the loss of its S-layer, likely due to reduced or incomplete expression of S-layer units and the loss of an associated porin. The involvement of the T1SS and shedding phenotype of the S-layer in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M. album<\/jats:italic>\n                      BG8 could be applied toward selective secretion of proteins and other factors of bioindustrial interest.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The methanotrophic bacterium\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Methylomicrobium album<\/jats:italic>\n                      BG8 produces and sheds large quantities of S-layer units into the culture medium regardless of carbon or nitrogen source, metal availability, or growth phase. Of the eight methanotrophic bacteria screened, only\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M. album<\/jats:italic>\n                      BG8 possessed this phenotype. Proteomics analysis of density gradient-purified culture supernatant identified the S-layer protein units and proteins involved in metal uptake and S-layer biogenesis, some with secretion signals for the T1SS.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M. album<\/jats:italic>\n                      BG8 adapted to grow at low pH lost the production of its S-layer due to mutations in the genes encoding S-layer units and an associated porin. Better understanding of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M. album<\/jats:italic>\n                      BG8 S-layer production and its shedding phenotype could be harnessed for exporting expressed proteins and bioproducts of industrial interest for the ease of collection and downstream processing.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00607-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T12:00:20Z","timestamp":1780056020000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prolific S-layer shedding and associated proteins from the methanotroph\n                    <i>Methylomicrobium album<\/i>\n                    BG8"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"Mariah K.","family":"Hermary","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0160cpw27","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta","place":["Edmonton, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria C.","family":"Rodriguez Gallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0160cpw27","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta","place":["Edmonton, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachael","family":"Rieberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0160cpw27","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta","place":["Edmonton, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aurelija M.","family":"Grigonyte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0160cpw27","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta","place":["Edmonton, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kieran","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0160cpw27","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta","place":["Edmonton, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. 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