{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T06:09:10Z","timestamp":1791266950023,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,1]],"date-time":"2013-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1372636800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are produced by phenotypically and genetically different\n Clostridium<\/jats:named-content>\n species, including\n Clostridium botulinum<\/jats:named-content>\n and some strains of\n Clostridium baratii<\/jats:named-content>\n (serotype F) and\n Clostridium butyricum<\/jats:named-content>\n (serotype E). BoNT-producing clostridia responsible for human botulism encompass strains of group I (secreting proteases, producing toxin serotype A, B, or F, and growing optimally at 37\u00b0C) and group II (nonproteolytic, producing toxin serotype E, B, or F, and growing optimally at 30\u00b0C). Here we report the development of real-time PCR assays for genotyping\n C. botulinum<\/jats:named-content>\n strains of groups I and II based on flaVR (variable region sequence of\n flaA<\/jats:italic>\n ) sequences and the\n flaB<\/jats:italic>\n gene. Real-time PCR typing of regions flaVR1 to flaVR10 and\n flaB<\/jats:italic>\n was optimized and validated with 62 historical and Canadian\n C. botulinum<\/jats:named-content>\n strains that had been previously typed. Analysis of 210 isolates of European origin allowed the identification of four new\n C. botulinum<\/jats:named-content>\n flaVR types (flaVR11 to flaVR14) and one new flaVR type specific to\n C. butyricum<\/jats:named-content>\n type E (flaVR15). The genetic diversity of the flaVR among\n C. botulinum<\/jats:named-content>\n strains investigated in the present study reveals the clustering of flaVR types into 5 major subgroups. Subgroups 1, 3, and 4 contain proteolytic\n Clostridium botulinum<\/jats:named-content>\n , subgroup 2 is made up of nonproteolytic\n C. botulinum<\/jats:named-content>\n only, and subgroup 5 is specific to\n C. butyricum<\/jats:named-content>\n type E. The genetic variability of the flagellin genes carried by\n C. botulinum<\/jats:named-content>\n and the possible association of flaVR types with certain geographical areas make gene profiling of flaVR and\n flaB<\/jats:italic>\n promising in molecular surveillance and epidemiology of\n C. botulinum<\/jats:named-content>\n .\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00686-13","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,20]],"date-time":"2013-04-20T03:18:42Z","timestamp":1366427922000},"page":"3926-3932","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Genetic Diversity of the Flagellin Genes of Clostridium botulinum Groups I and II"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Cedric","family":"Woudstra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety), Food Safety Laboratory, Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominic","family":"Lambert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botulism Reference Service for Canada, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Anniballi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, National Reference Centre for Botulism, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dario","family":"De Medici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, National Reference Centre for Botulism, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Austin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botulism Reference Service for Canada, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Fach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety), Food Safety Laboratory, Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(01)00428-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2010.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.3.1311-1317.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.44.5.1635-1644.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02623-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.2008\/016915-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.05155-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2009.04215.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.07568-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02490-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.05396-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2004.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2011-01414"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.02.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.3.1148-1154.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1993.tb02997.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-12-185"}],"container-title":["Applied 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Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AEM.00686-13","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AEM.00686-13","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T19:41:12Z","timestamp":1645645272000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/AEM.00686-13"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/AEM.00686-13"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aem.00686-13","relation":{},"ISSN":["0099-2240","1098-5336"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0099-2240","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5336","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2013-03-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication 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