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Transmission occurs via ingestion of contaminated food or water.\n            <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n            . Typhi is specific to humans, and no animal or environmental reservoirs are known. As the free-living amoeba\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Acanthamoeba castellanii<\/jats:named-content>\n            is an environmental host for many pathogenic bacteria, this study investigates interactions between\n            <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n            . Typhi and\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">A. castellanii<\/jats:named-content>\n            by using cocultures. Growth of both organisms was estimated by cell count, viable count, flow cytometry, and fluorescence microscopy. Results indicate that\n            <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n            . Typhi can survive at least 3 weeks when grown with\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">A. castellanii<\/jats:named-content>\n            , as opposed to less than 10 days when grown as singly cultured bacteria under the same conditions. Interestingly, growth rates of amoebae after 14 days were similar in cocultures or when amoebae were singly cultured, suggesting that\n            <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n            . Typhi is not cytotoxic to\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">A. castellanii<\/jats:named-content>\n            . Bacteria surviving in coculture were not intracellular and did not require a physical contact with amoebae for their survival. These results suggest that\n            <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n            . Typhi may have a selective advantage when it is associated with\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">A. castellanii<\/jats:named-content>\n            and that amoebae may contribute to\n            <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n            . Typhi persistence in the environment.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00699-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,17]],"date-time":"2011-09-17T02:06:58Z","timestamp":1316225218000},"page":"7640-7646","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Increased Persistence of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi in the Presence of Acanthamoeba castellanii"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Douesnard-Malo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Montreal, C.P. 6128 Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3J7"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"France","family":"Daigle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Montreal, C.P. 6128 Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3J7"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.69.1.600-606.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2006.00254.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2008.00311.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.64.9.3127-3133.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.63.1.115-121.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/324747"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.3.1562-1569.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.62.8.3254-3261.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2008.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","first-page":"346","article-title":"The global burden of typhoid fever","volume":"82","author":"Crump J. 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