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Although the prevalence of\n            <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n            O157:H7 in cattle and other species with which humans have frequent contact is high, human infections are relatively uncommon, despite a low infectious dose. A plausible explanation for the low disease incidence is the possibility that not all strains are virulent in humans. If there are substantial differences in virulence among strains in nature, then human disease may select for high virulence. We used a gnotobiotic piglet model to investigate the virulence of isolates from healthy cattle and from humans in disease outbreaks and to determine the correlation between production of Shiga toxin 1 (Stx1) and Stx2 and virulence. Overall,\n            <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n            O157:H7 strains isolated from healthy cattle were less virulent in gnotobiotic piglets than strains isolated from humans during disease outbreaks. The amount of Stx2 produced by\n            <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n            O157:H7 strains correlated with strain virulence as measured by a reduction in piglet survival and signs of central nervous system disease due to brain infarction. The amount of Stx1 produced in culture was not correlated with the length of time of piglet survival or with signs of central nervous system disease. We suggest that disease outbreaks select for producers of high levels of Stx2 among\n            <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n            O157:H7 strains shed by animals and further suggest that Stx1 expression is unlikely to be significant in human outbreaks.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00755-07","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,22]],"date-time":"2007-09-22T00:53:43Z","timestamp":1190422423000},"page":"7338-7346","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Differences in Virulence among\n            <i>Escherichia coli<\/i>\n            O157:H7 Strains Isolated from Humans during Disease Outbreaks and from Healthy Cattle"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Diane R.","family":"Baker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rodney A.","family":"Moxley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mike B.","family":"Steele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey T.","family":"LeJeune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Christopher-Hennings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ding-Geng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philip R.","family":"Hardwidge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David H.","family":"Francis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.64.8.3294-3300.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"140","year":"1998","unstructured":"Acheson, D. 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