{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T21:15:09Z","timestamp":1791321309557,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750204800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750204800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020R1A6A1A03045059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1A6A1A03045059"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      is a human pathogen that causes severe infections through biofilm formation.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      biofilm is particularly susceptible to catheters in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis. Although antibiotics are used to treat catheter infections, high-concentration treatments adversely affect human host immune systems and change the physicochemical properties of the catheters. To improve therapeutic outcomes without side effects, we combined antibiotics and natural products. In this study, we propose a combination of linoleic acid (LA) and cefazolin (CFZ) to treat\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections synergistically and apply it to catheter environments and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      systems. LA is a polyunsaturated fatty acid derived from natural products, and CFZ is a major antibiotic used to treat\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      catheter-related infections. The optimum synergistic condition was determined using silicon pad-forming biofilm similar to catheter materials.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      biofilms were considerably inhibited\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      owing to the improved antibacterial effects. Furthermore, the combination negatively regulated the chemokine levels in the peritoneum, kidney, and liver extracted from mouse models. Moreover, it did not affect the cytotoxicity of human omentum mesothelial cells and the functions of the kidney and liver. Therefore, the combination of LA and CFZ could be a potential synergistic therapy for\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      catheter infections.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        Catheter contamination is commonly caused by\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                        biofilm formation, primarily in peritoneal dialysis patients. Although antibiotics are used to treat catheter infections, high concentrations of antibiotics impair the immune system of the human host and alter the physicochemical properties of catheters. Therefore, it is crucial to improve therapeutic outcomes while minimizing the side effects of antibiotics. Combined treatments with natural products can be solutions to alleviate these problems. Our study offers a new synergistic combination (linoleic acid and cefazolin) for the control of catheter infections caused by\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                        biofilms, especially in peritoneal dialysis.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00770-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T09:02:08Z","timestamp":1747818128000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Synergistic treatment of linoleic acid and cefazolin on\n                    <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i>\n                    biofilm-related catheter 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