{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T17:30:44Z","timestamp":1790271044561,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,15]],"date-time":"2018-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1529020800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"U.S. Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FY11-TCC9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FY11-TCC9"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"U.S. Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FY12-TCC4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FY12-TCC4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite observations of steel corrosion in nitrate-reducing environments, processes of nitrate-dependent microbially influenced corrosion (MIC) remain poorly understood and difficult to identify. We evaluated carbon steel corrosion by<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Shewanella oneidensis<\/jats:named-content>MR-1 under nitrate-reducing conditions using a split-chamber\/zero-resistance ammetry (ZRA) technique. This approach entails the deployment of two metal (carbon steel 1018 in this case) electrodes into separate chambers of an electrochemical split-chamber unit, where the microbiology or chemistry of the chambers can be manipulated. This approach mimics the conditions of heterogeneous metal coverage that can lead to uniform and pitting corrosion. The current between working electrode 1 (WE1) and WE2 can be used to determine rates, mechanisms, and, we now show, extents of corrosion. When<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. oneidensis<\/jats:named-content>was incubated in the WE1 chamber with lactate under nitrate-reducing conditions, nitrite transiently accumulated, and electron transfer from WE2 to WE1 occurred as long as nitrite was present. Nitrite in the WE1 chamber (without<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. oneidensis<\/jats:named-content>) induced electron transfer in the same direction, indicating that nitrite cathodically protected WE1 and accelerated the corrosion of WE2. When<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. oneidensis<\/jats:named-content>was incubated in the WE1 chamber without an electron donor, nitrate reduction proceeded, and electron transfer from WE2 to WE1 also occurred, indicating that the microorganism could use the carbon steel electrode as an electron donor for nitrate reduction. Our results indicate that under nitrate-reducing conditions, uniform and pitting carbon steel corrosion can occur due to nitrite accumulation and the use of steel-Fe(0) as an electron donor, but conditions of sustained nitrite accumulation can lead to more-aggressive corrosive conditions.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>Microbially influenced corrosion (MIC) causes damage to metals and metal alloys that is estimated to cost over $100 million\/year in the United States for prevention, mitigation, and repair. While MIC occurs in a variety of settings and by a variety of organisms, the mechanisms by which microorganisms cause this damage remain unclear. Steel pipe and equipment may be exposed to nitrate, especially in oil and gas production, where this compound is used for corrosion and \u201csouring\u201d control. In this paper, we show uniform and pitting MIC under nitrate-reducing conditions and that a major mechanism by which it occurs is via the heterogeneous cathodic protection of metal surfaces by nitrite as well as by the microbial oxidation of steel-Fe(0).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00790-18","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,11]],"date-time":"2018-04-11T12:17:42Z","timestamp":1523449062000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Uniform and Pitting Corrosion of Carbon Steel by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 under Nitrate-Reducing Conditions"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"84","author":[{"suffix":"II","given":"Robert B.","family":"Miller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA"},{"name":"Integrated Bioscience Program, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenton","family":"Lawson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anwar","family":"Sadek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chelsea N.","family":"Monty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John M.","family":"Senko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA"},{"name":"Integrated Bioscience Program, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA"},{"name":"Department of Geosciences, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/047011245X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","first-page":"6","volume-title":"Microbially influenced corrosion of materials","author":"Flemming H-C","year":"1996","unstructured":"Flemming H-C. 1996. Economical and technical overview, p 6\u201314. In Heitz E, Flemming H-C, Sands W (ed), Microbially influenced corrosion of materials. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0964-8305(03)00092-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2004.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","first-page":"169","article-title":"Microbiologically influenced corrosion: looking to the future","volume":"8","author":"Videla HA","year":"2005","unstructured":"Videla HA, Herrera LK. 2005. Microbiologically influenced corrosion: looking to the future. Int Microbiol 8:169\u2013180.","journal-title":"Int Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1468-6996\/9\/2\/025015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es9902930"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-2920.2003.00527.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2012.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02848-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2013.07.044"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03741-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.12340"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5006\/1.3315878"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0143-974X(99)00010-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2016.05.037"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","first-page":"1163","article-title":"Nitrates, agriculture and environment","volume":"79","author":"Prakasa Rao EVS","year":"2000","unstructured":"Prakasa Rao EVS, Puttanna K. 2000. Nitrates, agriculture and environment. Curr Sci 79:1163\u20131168.","journal-title":"Curr Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(02)00475-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.5531"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21307\/ijssis-2017-475"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02332-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-011-3542-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es500839u"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2006.11.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147899"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01194-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elecom.2006.10.035"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/109287504773087381"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2006.01.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000849"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es0016598"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es048906i"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1490"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00112"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2016.10.026"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-938X(02)00012-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2008.01.091"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/408138"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/maco.201005789"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/corrrev-2017-0032"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00257613"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es9707769"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.000343"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2012.02778.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2014.09.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016649"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13068-016-0426-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02203-17"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00663-16"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2164(08)00806-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2014.10.028"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2015.08.037"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2014.00080"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibiod.2014.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-5347(93)90218-E"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/1540-9295(2007)5[89:HWOTRO]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1601383113"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2005.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.172.11.6232-6238.1990"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555815882.ch6","volume-title":"Manual of environmental microbiology","author":"Tanner RS","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tanner RS. 2007. Cultivation of bacteria and fungi, p 69\u201376. In Hurst CJ, Crawford RJ, Garland JL, Lipson DA, Mills AL, Stetzenbach LD (ed), Manual of environmental microbiology, 3rd ed. ASM Press, Washington, DC.","edition":"3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_2","volume-title":"Standard guide for electrolytic polishing of metallographic specimens","author":"ASTM International","year":"2014","unstructured":"ASTM International. 2014. Standard guide for electrolytic polishing of metallographic specimens. ASTM E1558-09. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0271610jes"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_2","volume-title":"Standard practice for preparing, cleaning, and evaluating corrosion test specimens","author":"ASTM International","year":"2011","unstructured":"ASTM International. 2011. Standard practice for preparing, cleaning, and evaluating corrosion test specimens. ASTM G1-03. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA."}],"container-title":["Applied and Environmental Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AEM.00790-18","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/AEM.00790-18","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T23:29:03Z","timestamp":1660865343000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/AEM.00790-18"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Frank E.","family":"L\u00f6ffler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,15]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,15]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/AEM.00790-18"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aem.00790-18","relation":{},"ISSN":["0099-2240","1098-5336"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0099-2240","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5336","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-04-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-04-06","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-05-31","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e00790-18"}}