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Here, we show that the helper strain\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Alteromonas macleodii<\/jats:italic>\n                      EZ55 also facilitates greater exploitation of medium resources by\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Prochlorococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      . The presence of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Alteromonas<\/jats:italic>\n                      allowed\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Prochlorococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      to grow to greater cell densities, delay growth cessation, and avoid cell death relative to axenic cultures, phenotypes potentially associated with\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Alteromonas<\/jats:italic>\n                      -driven degradation of autotoxic substances made by\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Prochlorococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      . We found that heat-labile high-molecular-weight\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Alteromonas<\/jats:italic>\n                      exudates mediated the beneficial impacts on\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Prochlorococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , although it is unclear which specific exudate-associated activities were responsible. Both the composition and activity of the secreted material changed after 500 generations of experimental evolution, suggesting genetic control. Some exudates were located within extracellular vesicles, which were capable of physically associating with\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Prochlorococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      cells and were responsible for at least some of the growth enhancement effects. Many of the functionalities observed in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Alteromonas<\/jats:italic>\n                      exudates (e.g., increasing phosphate availability, hydrogen peroxide degradation, and siderophore capabilities) are consistent with leaky Black Queen processes (i.e., services provided by one organism that benefit the entire community) and favor the evolution of interdependencies in microbial communities. We discuss the potential ramifications of such processes being packaged into vesicles as opposed to freely diffusing through the extracellular milieu.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        Heterotrophic bacteria can facilitate improved growth for numerous phytoplankton, including the highly abundant cyanobacterium\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Prochlorococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                        . Here, we show that for the \u201chelper\u201d interaction between\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Alteromonas<\/jats:italic>\n                        and\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Prochlorococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                        , this facilitation is relevant across all phases of batch culture growth and is mediated by secreted products, including proteins and membrane vesicles. We explore the composition of these exudates and show evidence that they are altered during evolutionary adaptation in a changed environment.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00798-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T13:03:26Z","timestamp":1785848606000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Vesicle-associated exudates from\n                    <i>Alteromonas<\/i>\n                    enhance growth and survival of\n                    <i>Prochlorococcus<\/i>\n                    in batch culture"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"92","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1471-6515","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhiying","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/008s83205","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham","place":["Birmingham, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2587-7194","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sydney","family":"Plummer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/008s83205","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham","place":["Birmingham, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Kizziah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/008s83205","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham","place":["Birmingham, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2638-823X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Steven J.","family":"Biller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01srpnj69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College","place":["Wellesley, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9079-0082","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"J. 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