{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T18:33:47Z","timestamp":1784140427671,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,1]],"date-time":"2012-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1341100800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) are vectors for African trypanosomes (Euglenozoa: kinetoplastida), protozoan parasites that cause African trypanosomiasis in humans (HAT) and nagana in livestock. In addition to trypanosomes, two symbiotic bacteria (\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Wigglesworthia glossinidia<\/jats:named-content>\n            and\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Sodalis glossinidius<\/jats:named-content>\n            ) and two parasitic microbes,\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Wolbachia<\/jats:named-content>\n            and a salivary gland hypertrophy virus (SGHV), have been described in tsetse. Here we determined the prevalence of and coinfection dynamics between\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Wolbachia<\/jats:named-content>\n            , trypanosomes, and SGHV in\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Glossina fuscipes fuscipes<\/jats:named-content>\n            in Uganda over a large geographical scale spanning the range of host genetic and spatial diversity. Using a multivariate analysis approach, we uncovered complex coinfection dynamics between the pathogens and statistically significant associations between host genetic groups and pathogen prevalence. It is important to note that these coinfection dynamics and associations with the host were not apparent by univariate analysis. These associations between host genotype and pathogen are particularly evident for\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Wolbachia<\/jats:named-content>\n            and SGHV where host groups are inversely correlated for\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Wolbachia<\/jats:named-content>\n            and SGHV prevalence. On the other hand, trypanosome infection prevalence is more complex and covaries with the presence of the other two pathogens, highlighting the importance of examining multiple pathogens simultaneously before making generalizations about infection and spatial patterns. It is imperative to note that these novel findings would have been missed if we had employed the standard univariate analysis used in previous studies. Our results are discussed in the context of disease epidemiology and vector control.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00806-12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,28]],"date-time":"2012-04-28T03:53:12Z","timestamp":1335585192000},"page":"4627-4637","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Implications of Microfauna-Host Interactions for Trypanosome Transmission Dynamics in Glossina fuscipes fuscipes in Uganda"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"Uzma","family":"Alam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaz","family":"Hyseni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca E.","family":"Symula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corey","family":"Brelsfoard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yineng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oleg","family":"Kruglov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingwen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Echodu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Livestock Resources Research Institute, Tororo, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Alioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Livestock Resources Research Institute, Tororo, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loyce M.","family":"Okedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Livestock Resources Research Institute, Tororo, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adalgisa","family":"Caccone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serap","family":"Aksoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00228-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2006.09.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2008.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2010.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AbilaPP. 2008. 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