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This study focuses on the hypervariable genetic hot spot\n                    <jats:italic>lmo0443<\/jats:italic>\n                    to\n                    <jats:italic>lmo0449<\/jats:italic>\n                    haboring three inserts: the stress survival islet 1 (SSI-1), the single-gene insert\n                    <jats:italic>LMOf2365_0481<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and two homologous genes of the nonpathogenic species\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Listeria innocua<\/jats:named-content>\n                    :\n                    <jats:italic>lin0464<\/jats:italic>\n                    , coding for a putative transcriptional regulator, and\n                    <jats:italic>lin0465<\/jats:italic>\n                    , encoding an intracellular PfpI protease. Our prevalence study revealed a different distribution of the inserts between human and food-associated isolates. The\n                    <jats:italic>lin0464-lin0465<\/jats:italic>\n                    insert was predominantly found in food-associated strains of sequence type 121 (ST121). Functional characterization of this insert showed that the putative PfpI protease Lin0465 is involved in alkaline and oxidative stress responses but not in acidic, gastric, heat, cold, osmotic, and antibiotic stresses. In parallel, deletion of\n                    <jats:italic>lin0464<\/jats:italic>\n                    decreased survival under alkaline and oxidative stresses. The expression of both genes increased significantly under oxidative stress conditions independently of the alternative sigma factor \u03c3\n                    <jats:sup>B<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Furthermore, we showed that the expression of the protease gene\n                    <jats:italic>lin0465<\/jats:italic>\n                    is regulated by the transcription factor\n                    <jats:italic>lin0464<\/jats:italic>\n                    under stress conditions, suggesting that\n                    <jats:italic>lin0464<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>lin0465<\/jats:italic>\n                    form a functional unit. In conclusion, we identified a novel stress survival islet 2 (SSI-2), predominantly present in\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">L. monocytogenes<\/jats:named-content>\n                    ST121 strains, beneficial for survival under alkaline and oxidative stresses, potentially supporting adaptation and persistence of\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">L. monocytogenes<\/jats:named-content>\n                    in food processing environments.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Listeria monocytogenes<\/jats:named-content>\n                    strains of ST121 are known to persist for months and even years in food processing environments, thereby increasing the risk of food contamination and listeriosis. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this remarkable niche-specific adaptation is still unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the genomic islet SSI-2, predominantly present in\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">L. monocytogenes<\/jats:named-content>\n                    ST121 strains, is beneficial for survival under alkaline and oxidative stress conditions, which are routinely encountered in food processing environments. Our findings suggest that SSI-2 is part of a diverse set of molecular determinants contributing to niche-specific adaptation and persistence of\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">L. monocytogenes<\/jats:named-content>\n                    ST121 strains in food processing environments.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00827-17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,16]],"date-time":"2017-06-16T20:30:26Z","timestamp":1497645026000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":141,"title":["Stress Survival Islet 2, Predominantly Present in Listeria monocytogenes Strains of Sequence Type 121, Is Involved in the Alkaline and Oxidative Stress Responses"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Eva","family":"Harter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva Maria","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Zaiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Halecker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathrin","family":"Rychli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.3.584-640.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420015188.ch2","volume-title":"Listeria, listeriosis, and food safety","author":"Wiedmann M","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wiedmann M SaudersB. 2007. 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