{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T06:23:07Z","timestamp":1791181387025,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,1]],"date-time":"2015-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1438387200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            The manner and extent to which birds associate with humans may influence the genetic attributes and antimicrobial resistance of their commensal\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Escherichia<\/jats:named-content>\n            communities through strain transmission and altered selection pressures. In this study, we determined whether the distribution of the different\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:named-content>\n            phylogenetic groups and cryptic clades, the occurrence of 49 virulence associated genes, and\/or the prevalence of resistance to 12 antimicrobials differed between four groups of birds from Australia with contrasting types of human association. We found that birds sampled in suburban and wilderness areas had similar\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Escherichia<\/jats:named-content>\n            communities. The\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Escherichia<\/jats:named-content>\n            communities of backyard domestic poultry were phylogenetically distinct from the\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Escherichia<\/jats:named-content>\n            communities sourced from all other birds, with a large proportion (46%) of poultry strains belonging to phylogenetic group A and a significant minority (17%) belonging to the cryptic clades. Wild birds sampled from veterinary and wildlife rehabilitation centers (in-care birds) carried\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Escherichia<\/jats:named-content>\n            isolates that possessed particular virulence-associated genes more often than\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Escherichia<\/jats:named-content>\n            isolates from birds sampled in suburban and wilderness areas. The\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Escherichia<\/jats:named-content>\n            isolates from both the backyard poultry and in-care birds were more likely to be multidrug resistant than the\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Escherichia<\/jats:named-content>\n            isolates from wild birds. We also detected a multidrug-resistant\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">E. coli<\/jats:named-content>\n            strain circulating in a wildlife rehabilitation center, reinforcing the importance of adequate hygiene practices when handling and caring for wildlife. We suggest that the relatively high frequency of antimicrobial resistance in the in-care birds and backyard poultry is due primarily to the use of antimicrobials in these animals, and we recommend that the treatment protocols used for these birds be reviewed.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00861-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,23]],"date-time":"2015-05-23T02:20:56Z","timestamp":1432347656000},"page":"5123-5133","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Genetic Structure and Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli and Cryptic Clades in Birds with Diverse Human Associations"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Michaela D. J.","family":"Blyton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongfei","family":"Pi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Belinda","family":"Vangchhia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Abraham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darren J.","family":"Trott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James R.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Medical Center and Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Infectious Diseases, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","volume-title":"Population genetics of bacteria: a tribute to Thomas S","author":"Johnson JR","year":"2011","unstructured":"Johnson JR. 2011. 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