{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T00:16:15Z","timestamp":1791504975983,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003052","name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2024-00488503"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00488503"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2020-NR049543"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2020-NR049543"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      1,3-Butanediol (1,3-BDO) is widely used in consumer and industrial products; however, its microbial degradation remains poorly understood. Here, we dissect the catabolic and regulatory mechanisms of (R)\u22121,3-BDO utilization in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Pseudomonas putida<\/jats:italic>\n                      KT2440 and develop (R)\u22121,3-BDO-responsive transcriptional biosensors. Transcriptomics and qRT-PCR revealed strong induction of the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ped<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene cluster, which oxidizes (R)\u22121,3-BDO to (R)\u22123-hydroxybutyrate [(R)\u22123-HB], and of the LysR-regulated operon\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">PP_2047\u20132051<\/jats:italic>\n                      , which channels (R)\u22123-HB toward acetoacetate and acetyl-CoA. Gene deletion and enzyme assays identified\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">pedE<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">PP_2049<\/jats:italic>\n                      as essential for (R)\u22121,3-BDO catabolism, with PP_2049 playing a more critical role than the canonical \u03b2-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase HbdH (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">PP_3073<\/jats:italic>\n                      ). Regulatory analysis showed that PedR1 directly activates catabolic genes independently of PedR2\u2014challenging the widely accepted indirect-only model\u2014while PedS1 proved dispensable, implying an alternative sensor kinase. Promoter\u2013GFP fusions demonstrated that full activation of the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">pedE<\/jats:italic>\n                      promoter requires both PedR1 and the PedS2\u2013PedR2 two-component system, whereas the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">pedS2R2<\/jats:italic>\n                      promoter requires only PedR1 and functions in both native and heterologous hosts, including\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      . These results define the genetic and regulatory architecture of (R)\u22121,3-BDO degradation in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. putida<\/jats:italic>\n                      and establish\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">pedE<\/jats:italic>\n                      - and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">pedS2R2<\/jats:italic>\n                      -based promoters as (R)\u22121,3-BDO-responsive biosensors.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      1,3-Butanediol is an increasingly prevalent industrial chemical whose environmental fate depends on microbial degradation. Understanding how microorganisms sense and metabolize this compound is therefore essential for both environmental microbiology and biotechnology. This study clarifies the genetic and regulatory basis of (R)-1,3-BDO catabolism in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Pseudomonas putida<\/jats:italic>\n                      , identifying key enzymes and transcriptional regulators that control its utilization. By coupling pathway elucidation with promoter characterization, this work enables the development of (R)-1,3-BDO-responsive biosensors that function in both native and heterologous hosts. These insights are important for understanding the environmental fate of 1,3-BDO and designing inducible regulatory systems for biotechnological applications.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00900-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T13:01:50Z","timestamp":1782133310000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Degradation pathway of (R)-1,3-butanediol in\n                    <i>Pseudomonas putida<\/i>\n                    KT2440 and development of its biosensor"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"92","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0496-0917","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nandakumar","family":"Arumugam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/017cjz748","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology","place":["Ulsan, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3751-6877","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tayyab","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R&D Center, ACTIVON Co., Ltd.","place":["Cheongju, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2059-2387","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joon Young","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute for Chemical Technology","place":["Ulsan, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minchang","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/017cjz748","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology","place":["Ulsan, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5934-2633","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mugesh","family":"Sankaranarayanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02wxm3f24","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Center for Metabolic Engineering & Synthetic Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology","place":["Chennai, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6489-032X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Donghyuk","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/017cjz748","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology","place":["Ulsan, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1711-4760","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sung Kuk","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/017cjz748","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology","place":["Ulsan, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9777-7278","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sunghoon","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/017cjz748","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology","place":["Ulsan, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.57.348"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00214-024-03154-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.0c03009"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymben.2018.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.67.10.4817-4827.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.12328"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2015.03.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/elsc.201400051"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00570-17"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00376-18"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.032847-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.021956-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.128911"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acssynbio.1c00144"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12257-018-0390-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2013.06.044"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12257-011-0513-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.948369"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11030402"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00382"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01665-20"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1191436"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02062-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.200600167"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2005.10.072"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2007.06102.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00358-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.04988-22"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.26882-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-147-2-363"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.000163"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1020423"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.0c04736"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biochem.8b01099"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12020331"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-001-0912-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03929-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-014-5562-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12257-018-0380-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2024.130469"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad965"}],"container-title":["Applied and Environmental Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/aem.00900-26","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/aem.00900-26","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T13:06:26Z","timestamp":1784725586000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/aem.00900-26"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Ning-Yi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/aem.00900-26"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aem.00900-26","relation":{},"ISSN":["0099-2240","1098-5336"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0099-2240","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5336","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-05-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-29","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-22","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e00900-26"}}