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In recent years, the scope of the exposome has begun to include microplastics. Microplastics (MPs) have increasingly been found in locations, including in animal gastrointestinal tracts, where there could be an interaction with\n              <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica serovar<\/jats:italic>\n              Typhimurium, one of the commonly isolated serovars from processed chicken. However, there is limited knowledge on how gut microbiomes are affected by microplastics and if an effect would be exacerbated by the presence of a pathogen. In this study, we aimed to determine if acute exposure to microplastics\n              <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n              altered the gut microbiome membership and activity. The microbiota response to a 24 h co-exposure to\n              <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n              serovar Typhimurium and\/or low-density polyethylene (PE) microplastics in an\n              <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n              broiler cecal model was determined using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing (Illumina) and untargeted metabolomics. Community sequencing results indicated that PE fiber with and without\n              <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n              . Typhimurium yielded a lower\n              <jats:italic>Firmicutes\/Bacteroides<\/jats:italic>\n              ratio compared with other treatment groups, which is associated with poor gut health, and overall had greater changes to the cecal microbial community composition. However, changes in the total metabolome were primarily driven by the presence of\n              <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n              . Typhimurium. Additionally, the co-exposure to PE fiber and\n              <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n              . Typhimurium caused greater cecal microbial community and metabolome changes than either exposure alone. Our results indicate that polymer shape is an important factor in effects resulting from exposure. It also demonstrates that microplastic-pathogen interactions cause metabolic alterations to the chicken cecal microbiome in an\n              <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n              chicken cecal mesocosm.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              Researching the exposome, a summation of exposure to one\u2019s lifespan, will aid in determining the environmental factors that contribute to disease states. There is an emerging concern that microplastic-pathogen interactions in the gastrointestinal tract of broiler chickens may lead to an increase in\n              <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n              infection across flocks and eventually increased incidence of human salmonellosis cases. In this research article, we elucidated the effects of acute co-exposure to polyethylene microplastics and\n              <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n              serovar Typhimurium on the ceca microbial community\n              <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n              .\n              <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n              presence caused strong shifts in the cecal metabolome but not the microbiome. The inverse was true for polyethylene fiber. Polyethylene powder had almost no effect. The co-exposure had worse effects than either alone. This demonstrates that exposure effects to the gut microbial community are contaminant-specific. When combined, the interactions between exposures exacerbate changes to the gut environment, necessitating future experiments studying low-dose chronic exposure effects with\n              <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n              model systems.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00915-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]],"date-time":"2024-07-10T13:00:28Z","timestamp":1720616428000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Co-exposure to polyethylene fiber and\n            <i>Salmonella enterica<\/i>\n            serovar Typhimurium alters microbiome and metabolome of\n            <i>in vitro<\/i>\n            chicken cecal mesocosms"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"90","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9372-3483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chamia C.","family":"Chatman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena G.","family":"Olson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison J.","family":"Freedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dana K.","family":"Dittoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven C.","family":"Ricke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"},{"name":"Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3444-3881","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Erica L-W.","family":"Majumder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","unstructured":"United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2022. 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