{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T08:57:12Z","timestamp":1790240232336,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761091200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Coxiella burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                      , the causative agent of Q fever, accumulates on dust of farm premises with infected animals, but the interpretation of PCR detection on dust is challenging. To investigate whether bacterial load in environmental dust together with the within-flock seropositivity could be indicative of the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection status in small-ruminant flocks, 249 farms (202 sheep, 18 goats, and 29 sheep-goat mixed) in the Balearic Islands were investigated. Dust samples were analyzed by real-time PCR targeting\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                      IS\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">1111<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                      loads (genome equivalents\/mg dust) were estimated by quantitative real-time PCR amplification of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">com1<\/jats:italic>\n                      to categorize the farms into four levels. Sera from 546 yearlings and 1,002 adult females in 79 flocks were tested by ELISA. Despite a widespread distribution of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                      in environmental dust, only 6.0% and 16.1% had high (&gt;1,000) or moderate (100\u20131,000)\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                      loads, respectively. These same farms had significantly higher within-flock percentage of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                      seropositive animals (~35%) than flocks with low loads or\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                      -negative. These results and the positive correlation observed between within-flock percentage of seropositive animals and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                      environmental contamination indicate that dust PCR followed by serological analysis of flocks with high and moderate loads could be used to identify herds potentially infected with\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                      . SNP genotyping of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Coxiella<\/jats:italic>\n                      PCR-positive dust samples identified SNP-6 as the predominant genotype in small ruminants in the Balearic Islands, along with the sporadic presence of SNP-4\u2014a clearly different genotype distribution than in northern Spain, where the clinical spectrum of human Q fever is clearly different.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        The identification of flocks with active\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                        infection is crucial to implement control measures and prevent human Q fever cases. This study demonstrates the relevance of combining dust PCR with serology to identify\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. burnetii-<\/jats:italic>\n                        infected herds, a strategy that could help to identify the animal source of human Q fever outbreaks and define priority countermeasures. This study also provided, for the first time, an overview of\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                        infection in sheep and goats in the Balearic Islands and identified the factors associated with higher risk of environmental\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                        contamination. Strain characterization allowed the identification of the most prevalent\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                        genotypes in this region of eastern Spain, showing clear differences in genotype distribution with the northern area, which could explain the different clinical spectrum of human Q fever cases in both geographical areas.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00931-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T18:31:21Z","timestamp":1756492281000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Combination of serology and PCR analysis of environmental samples to assess\n                    <i>Coxiella burnetii<\/i>\n                    infection status in small ruminant farms"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Ana L.","family":"Garc\u00eda-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Health Department, NEIKER \u2013 Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA)","place":["Bizkaia, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1268-203X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ion I\u00f1aki","family":"Zendoia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Health Department, NEIKER \u2013 Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA)","place":["Bizkaia, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dulce","family":"Ferrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRFAP - Institut de Recerca i Formaci\u00f3 Agroaliment\u00e0ria i Pesquera de les Illes Balears","place":["Palma, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3346-195X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jes\u00fas F.","family":"Barandika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Health Department, NEIKER \u2013 Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA)","place":["Bizkaia, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRFAP - Institut de Recerca i Formaci\u00f3 Agroaliment\u00e0ria i Pesquera de les Illes Balears","place":["Palma, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Vera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRFAP - Institut de Recerca i Formaci\u00f3 Agroaliment\u00e0ria i Pesquera de les Illes Balears","place":["Palma, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomeu","family":"Mart\u00ed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRFAP - 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