{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T02:16:10Z","timestamp":1773627370670,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,15]],"date-time":"2017-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1505433600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,1]],"date-time":"2017-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1506816000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Soil microbes are a major food source for free-living soil nematodes. It is known that certain soil bacteria have evolved systems to combat predation. We identified the nematode-antagonistic\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Pseudomonas protegens<\/jats:named-content>\n            strain 15G2 from screening of microbes. Through protein purification we identified a binary protein, designated Pp-ANP, which is responsible for the nematicidal activity. This binary protein inhibits\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Caenorhabditis elegans<\/jats:named-content>\n            growth and development by arresting larvae at the L1 stage and killing older-staged worms. The two subunits, Pp-ANP1a and Pp-ANP2a, are active when reconstituted from separate expression in\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:named-content>\n            . The binary toxin also shows strong nematicidal activity against three other free-living nematodes (\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Pristionchus pacificus<\/jats:named-content>\n            ,\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Panagrellus redivivus<\/jats:named-content>\n            , and\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Acrobeloides<\/jats:named-content>\n            sp.), but we did not find any activity against insects and fungi under test conditions, indicating specificity for nematodes. Pp-ANP1a has no significant identity to any known proteins, while Pp-ANP2a shows \u223c30% identity to\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">E. coli<\/jats:named-content>\n            heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) subunit A and cholera toxin (CT) subunit A. Protein modeling indicates that Pp-ANP2a is structurally similar to CT\/LT and likely acts as an ADP-ribosyltransferase. Despite the similarity, Pp-ANP shows several characteristics distinct from CT\/LT toxins. Our results indicate that Pp-ANP is a new enterotoxin-like binary toxin with potent and specific activity to nematodes. The potency and specificity of Pp-ANP suggest applications in controlling parasitic nematodes and open an avenue for further research on its mechanism of action and role in bacterium-nematode interaction.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n            This study reports the discovery of a new enterotoxin-like binary protein, Pp-ANP, from a\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Pseudomonas protegens<\/jats:named-content>\n            strain. Pp-ANP shows strong nematicidal activity against\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Caenorhabditis elegans<\/jats:named-content>\n            larvae and older-staged worms. It also shows strong activity on other free-living nematodes (\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Pristionchus pacificus<\/jats:named-content>\n            ,\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Panagrellus redivivus<\/jats:named-content>\n            , and\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Acrobeloides<\/jats:named-content>\n            sp.). The two subunits, Pp-ANP1a and Pp-ANP2a, can be expressed separately and reconstituted to form the active complex. Pp-ANP shows some distinct characteristics compared with other toxins, including\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:named-content>\n            enterotoxin and cholera toxin. The present study indicates that Pp-ANP is a novel binary toxin and that it has potential applications in controlling parasitic nematodes and in studying toxin-host interaction.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00942-17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,22]],"date-time":"2017-07-22T00:40:23Z","timestamp":1500684023000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["An Enterotoxin-Like Binary Protein from Pseudomonas protegens with Potent Nematicidal Activity"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Jun-Zhi","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"DuPont Pioneer, Hayward, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel L.","family":"Siehl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DuPont Pioneer, Hayward, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenglin","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DuPont Pioneer, Johnston, Iowa, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Rosen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DuPont Pioneer, Hayward, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jarred","family":"Oral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DuPont Pioneer, Hayward, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher G.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gusui","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DuPont Pioneer, Johnston, Iowa, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0580-9517(02)31026-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-5822.2003.00287.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2013.9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0123184"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.phyto.38.1.423"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013313103032"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","first-page":"93","article-title":"Potency evaluation of Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas fluorescens as biocontrol agents for root-knot nematodes in Egypt","volume":"4","author":"Mohamed ZK","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mohamed ZK El-SayedSARadwanTEEAbd El-WahabGS. 2009. 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