{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T06:59:48Z","timestamp":1790405988591,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,15]],"date-time":"2014-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1405382400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Due to the scarcity of water resources in the \u201cMancha H\u00fameda\u201d Biosphere Reserve, the use of treated wastewater has been proposed as a solution for the conservation of natural threatened floodplain wetlands. In addition, wastewater treatment plants of many villages pour their effluent into nearby natural lakes. We hypothesized that certain avian pathogens present in wastewater may cause avian mortalities which would trigger avian botulism outbreaks. With the aim of testing our hypothesis, 24 locations distributed in three wetlands, two that receive wastewater effluents and one serving as a control, were monitored during a year. Sediment, water, water bird feces, and invertebrates were collected for the detection of putative avian pathogenic<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:named-content>(APEC),<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Salmonella<\/jats:named-content>spp.,<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Clostridium perfringens<\/jats:named-content>type A, and<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Clostridium botulinum<\/jats:named-content>type C\/D. Also, water and sediment physicochemical properties were determined. Overall, APEC,<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. perfringens<\/jats:named-content>, and<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. botulinum<\/jats:named-content>were significantly more prevalent in samples belonging to the wetlands which receive wastewater. The occurrence of a botulism outbreak in one of the studied wetlands coincided with high water temperatures and sediment 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD<jats:sub>5<\/jats:sub>), a decrease in water redox potential, chlorophyll<jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic>, and sulfate levels, and an increase in water inorganic carbon levels. The presence of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">C. botulinum<\/jats:named-content>in bird feces before the onset of the outbreak indicates that carrier birds exist and highlights the risk of botulinum toxin production in their carcasses if they die by other causes such as bacterial diseases, which are more probable in wastewater wetlands.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00949-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,3]],"date-time":"2014-05-03T01:41:16Z","timestamp":1399081276000},"page":"4251-4259","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Eutrophication and Bacterial Pathogens as Risk Factors for Avian Botulism Outbreaks in Wetlands Receiving Effluents from Urban Wastewater Treatment Plants"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Ibone","family":"Anza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Recursos Cineg\u00e9ticos (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dolors","family":"Vidal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea de Microbiolog\u00eda, Departamento de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas, Facultad de Medicina, Ciudad Real, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celia","family":"Laguna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Centre for Water Studies (CREA), UCLM, Ciudad Real, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"D\u00edaz-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Recursos Cineg\u00e9ticos (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Recursos Cineg\u00e9ticos (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1lvaro","family":"Chicote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Centre for Water Studies (CREA), UCLM, Ciudad Real, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1ximo","family":"Flor\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Centre for Water Studies (CREA), UCLM, Ciudad Real, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Mateo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Recursos Cineg\u00e9ticos (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-100X.2008.00410.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3207(00)00102-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1464-1909(00)00075-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2011.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0755(199901\/02)9:1<97::AID-AQC329>3.0.CO;2-F"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.2008.00076.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-1460-1_7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001674"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","first-page":"33","article-title":"Pelican deaths in the vicinity of a sewage lift station: a bacteriological investigation","volume":"101","author":"Ankerberg CW","year":"1984","unstructured":"AnkerbergCWJr. 1984. 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