{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T23:06:24Z","timestamp":1790809584081,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747785600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP24K01670, JP21K19081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP24K01670, JP21K19081"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010157","name":"Noda Institute for Scientific Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010157","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002241","name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPMJSP2138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJSP2138"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002241","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>\n              Polyene macrolide antibiotics, produced mainly as secondary metabolites of streptomycetes, have distinct chemical structures and include clinically important antifungal drugs. We recently isolated the 28-membered polyene macrolide lavencidin from\n              <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Streptomyces lavendulae<\/jats:italic>\n              FRI-5. Here, we identify and characterize the lavencidin biosynthetic (\n              <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">lad<\/jats:italic>\n              ) gene cluster by combining a gene disruption system based on a base editing technology and\n              <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in silico<\/jats:italic>\n              analysis. Sequence analysis of the draft genome of\n              <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. lavendulae<\/jats:italic>\n              FRI-5 revealed plausible lavencidin biosynthetic genes, which could be assigned roles in the biosynthesis of the polyketide backbone and the peripheral moiety, as well as in the regulation of lavencidin production. The introduction of a stop codon into the\n              <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ladA5<\/jats:italic>\n              polyketide synthase (PKS) gene by the base editing system resulted in a complete loss of lavencidin production, indicating that the type I modular PKS system is responsible for the biosynthesis of lavencidin.\n            <\/jats:p>\n            <jats:sec>\n              <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n              <jats:p>\n                Polyene macrolide antibiotics display a unique mode of action among fungicides and exhibit potent fungicidal activity to which resistance does not readily develop. Deciphering the biosynthetic pathways of these fascinating compounds will provide chemical diversity for the development of industrially and clinically important agents. In this study, the Target-AID (activation-induced cytidine deaminase) system enabled us to identify the\n                <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">lad<\/jats:italic>\n                gene cluster involved in lavencidin biosynthesis, paving the way for the rational design of lavencidin derivatives with new or improved biological activity. Furthermore, this base editing system is capable of precisely and rapidly substituting the target nucleotide in several streptomycetes. Thus, our Target-AID system would be a powerful and versatile tool for the genetic engineering of streptomycetes as well as for analyzing the functions of uncharacterized genes, expanding the chemical diversity of useful bioactive compounds, and discovering novel natural products.\n              <\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00975-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]],"date-time":"2025-04-22T13:00:28Z","timestamp":1745326828000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Identification of a critical gene involved in the biosynthesis of the polyene macrolide lavencidin in\n            <i>Streptomyces lavendulae<\/i>\n            FRI-5 using the Target-AID (activation-induced cytidine deaminase) base editing technology"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Ryo","family":"Otsuka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University","place":["Suita, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4538-4303","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yu","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Thermotolerant Microbial Resources, Yamaguchi University","place":["Yamaguchi, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenji","family":"Okano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University","place":["Osaka, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eiji","family":"Okamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, College of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University","place":["Sagamihara, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7967-921X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hiroya","family":"Tomita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University","place":["Suita, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9069-7574","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kohsuke","family":"Honda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University","place":["Suita, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2583-6798","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shigeru","family":"Kitani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University","place":["Suita, Japan"]},{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, College of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University","place":["Sagamihara, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ja.2012.27"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10295-018-2115-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10295-016-1815-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c5np00111k"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0922-338X(92)90136-I"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-014-5988-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10295-017-1997-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1439-7633(20020703)3:7<619::AID-CBIC619>3.0.CO;2-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41429-020-00404-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17946"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2508"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/sb500255k"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-020-0339-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","volume-title":"Practical streptomyces genetics","author":"Kieser T","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kieser T, Bibb MJ, Buttner MJ, Chater KF, Hopwood DA. 2000. 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