{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T22:42:51Z","timestamp":1759963371694,"version":"3.37.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,15]],"date-time":"2009-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1252972800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Appl Environ Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the relationship between agricultural antimicrobial use and resistance, a variety of methods for quantification of macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLS<jats:sub>B<\/jats:sub>) resistance were applied to organic swine farm manure samples. Fluorescence in situ hybridization was used to indirectly quantify the specific rRNA methylation resulting in MLS<jats:sub>B<\/jats:sub>resistance. Using this method, an unexpectedly high prevalence of ribosomal methylation and, hence, predicted MLS<jats:sub>B<\/jats:sub>resistance was observed in manure samples from two swine finisher farms that reported no antimicrobial use (37.6% \u00b1 6.3% and 40.5% \u00b1 5.4%, respectively). A culture-based method targeting relatively abundant clostridia showed a lower but still unexpectedly high prevalence of resistance at both farms (27.7% \u00b1 11.3% and 11.7% \u00b1 8.6%, respectively), while the prevalence of resistance in cultured fecal streptococci was low at both farms (4.0%). These differences in the prevalence of resistance across microorganisms suggest the need for caution when extrapolating from data obtained with indicator organisms. A third antimicrobial-free swine farm, a breeder-to-finisher operation, had low levels of MLS<jats:sub>B<\/jats:sub>resistance in manure samples with all methods used (&lt;9%). Tetracycline antimicrobials were detected in manure samples from one of the finisher farms and may provide a partial explanation for the high level of MLS<jats:sub>B<\/jats:sub>resistance. Taken together, these findings highlight the need for a more fundamental understanding of the relationship between antimicrobial use and the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00977-09","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,25]],"date-time":"2009-07-25T00:59:42Z","timestamp":1248483582000},"page":"5814-5820","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Macrolide Resistance in Microorganisms at Antimicrobial-Free Swine Farms"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Zhi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lutgarde","family":"Raskin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julie L.","family":"Zilles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.7.2774-2777.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"202","volume":"72","year":"2008","unstructured":"Akwar, H. 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